① 电脑的发展史，用英语写
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② 电脑历史的英语作文
The oldest calculating tool is abacus that was invented by Chinese several thousand years ago. Since then human beings had tried to make a machine to calculate for many years. However, there had been no machine which can be called "computer" till 1946. In that year two Americans invented the first computer in the world. The volumn of the machine was so large that it took up a whole room, and its speed was very low. With the rapid development of IT, nowadays computers are much smaller and faster, and they have become one of essential tools for everybody.
MICROPROCESSOR AND MICROCOMPUTER
Microprocessor is a processor whose elements have been miniaturized into one or a few integrated circuits.It is a semiconctor central processing unit(CPU)and one of the principal components of the microcomputer.The elements of the microprocessor are frequently contained on a single chip or within the same package，but are sometimes distributed over several separate chips.[1] In a microcomputer with a fixed instruction set，the microprocessor consists of the arithmetic-logic unit and the control logic unit.In a microcomputer with a micro programmed instruction set，it contains an additional control-memory unit.[2]
Pentium And Power PC Evolution
In this section，we provide a brief overview of two computer families：the Intel Pentium and the IBM Power PC.The Pentium represents the results of decades of design effort on complex instruction set computers(CISCs).It incorporates the sophisticated design principles once found only on mainframes and supercomputers and serves as an excellent example of CISC design.The Power PC is a direct descendant of the first RISC system，the IBM 801，and is one of the most powerful and best-designed RISC-based systems on the market.[3]
1)The Pentium
One method of increasing the complexity of an integrated circuit is simply to scale the chip down.[4] For example，if every line etched into the silicon die could be shrunk in half，the same circuit could be built in one -fourth the area.The evolution of dynamic memory chips(DRAMs)follows this rule exactly.The original IBM PC used 16 KB DRAMs.These were soon replaced with 64 Kchips，then 256 KB chips，and now 16 MB，and even 64 MB chips…
The“trick”，of course，is being able to improve processing skills sufficiently to allow this scaling to continue.In 1969，the minimum feature size(the smallest detail that can be etched into a chip)was 10 microns(10×10-6 meter).By 1997，this had shrunk to 0.25 micron—40 times smaller!
The Pentium uses a superscalar architecture.This means that the chip’s capabilities go beyond those achieved simply by scaling down its size.In particular，the Pentium is the first microprocessor in the Intel family to support two instruction pipelines，each with its own arithmetic-logic unit，address generation circuitry，and data cache interface.The result is a processor that can actually execute two different instructions simultaneously.
In 1965，Gordon Moore，one of the founders of Intel，was graphing chip complexity vs. time. He noticed that the number of integrated components doubled every two years.Moore then boldly predicted that this doubling would continue indefinitely.Remarkab1y，his prediction—now referred to as Moore’s law—has held up for more than 30 years.[5]
2)The Pentium MMX
In 1996，Intel began delivering versions of the Pentium with multimedia extensions (MMXs).These processors have three architectural enhancements over non-MMX processors(now renamed Pentium Classic).
For general applications，benchmark tests show a 10一20 percent improvement over the Pentium Classic，increasing to nearly 70 percent when multimedia-specific plications are considered.[6] Chips with(internal)click speeds as high as 233 MHz are available.
Applications of MMX processors include decompression of audio and video files.Indeed，software video players may become a reality.Some vendors are replacing conventional modems and sound cards with MMX-driven software equivalents.
3)The Pentium Pro
Perhaps the most striking feature of the Pentium Pro is the package itself.As shown in Fig. 2-1 the Pro consists of two separate silicon dies.The largest is the processor;fabricated with 0.35 micron design rules，it incorporates 5.5 million transistors.The smaller die beside it is a 256 KB level-two cache.Oddly enough，the cache has three times as many transistor，as the processor(16.5 millions)，but because of its uniformity，less silicon area is required.[7] Versions of the Pentium Pro with a 512KB，and a 1 MB cache are also available.
The Pentium Pro retains all of the architectural features of the Pentium that preceded it.That is，internally，all registers are 32 bits，while the external data bus is 64 bits wide.Four additional address lines have been added，allowing 64 GB of physical memory to be accessed.From a software point of view，the Pentium Pro remains 100% compatible with the previous generation of 80x86 processors.Three new processor instructions have been added，as well as two new floating-point-unit instructions.
The most touted feature of the Pentium Pro is what Intel calls dynamic execution.This new approach to processing software instructions that reces idle processor time to an absolute minimum.
4)The Pentium II
The newest member of the 80x86 family is the Pentium II.First made available in 1997，it is basically a Pentium Pro with MMX technology.
The Pentium II is made with 0.25-micron technology，allowing clock speeds of 300 MHz to 450 MHz.System bus frequencies as high as 100 MHz are suonorted.The lower clock speeds will support a 66 MHz system bus frequency.The level-two cache，which operates at half the speed of the processor，stores 512 KB and has its own 64-bit dedicated bus.The level-one cache has been increased from 16 KB in the Pentium Pro to 32 KB in the Pentium II.
5)Power PC
In 1975，the 801 minicomputer project at IBM pioneered many of the architecture concepts used in RISC systems.T801，together with the Berkeley RISC I processor，launched the RISC movement.The 801，however，was simply a prototype intended to demonstrate design concepts. The success of the 801 project led IBM to develop a commercial RISC workstation proct，the RT PC.The RT PC，introced in 1986，adapted the architectural concepts of the 801 to an actual proct.The RT PC was not a commercial success，and it had many rivals with comparable or better performance.In 1990，IBM proced a third system，which built on the lessons of the 801 and the RT PC.[8] The IBM RISC System /6000 was a RISC-like superscalar machine marketed as a high-performance workstation;shortly after its introction，IBM began to refer to this as the Power architecture.
For its next step，IBM entered into an alliance with Motorola，developer of the 68000 series of microprocessors，and Apple，which used the Motorola chip in its Macintosh computers.The result is a series of machines that implement the Power PC architecture. Changes were made to add key missing features and to enable more efficient implementation by eliminating some instructions and relaxing the specification to eliminate some troublesome special case.[9] The resulting Power PC architecture is a superscalar RISC system.
So far，four member of the Power PC family have been introced.
③ 关于电脑发明时间发明者英语短文40词
Computer
Computer is a wonderful
machine. It's a great invention in many years. It develops very quickly.
The smallest computer is as big as a note-book. We call it pocket
computer. Computer becomes more and more important in many ways. It has
touched the lives of everyone, even people in faraway villages. It helps
us to do with all kinds of information and we get knowledge from it. It
can give us a lot fun.
电脑
计算机是一种奇妙的机器.这是一个伟大的发明在许多年.它非常迅速发展.最小的计算
机是那样大的笔记本.我们叫它口袋里的计算机.电脑已经成为越来越重要的在很多方面.它没有触及生命每一个人,即使一个人在遥远的村庄.它帮助我们与各种
各样的信息,我们从它获得知识.它能给我们许多乐趣.
④ 有关电脑的发展史,英文版
History of computer development
5th century BC, Chinese invented the abacus. It is widely used in commercial trade, and this is the first calculation tool. It’s also considered the prototype of a computer. Until the 17th century, computing devices have a second important step forward. In 1666, Samuel Morland who was English ，invented the addend and subtrahend machine.
1832, Babbage and Joseph Clement made a computing device. It’s Size nearly as big a house. January 1943: In the United States, An advanced computer was developed which weighs 5 tons, 75 million parts. These computers are mainly used in the war began.1987: A supercomputer release, which can made 200 million operations per second. At present, the type of computer has a lot of friends, according to the computer’s processing speed classification, It can be divided into five types：supercomputers,mainframes,minicomputers,workstations and microcomputers
"Who invented the computer?” The real answer is that many inventors contributed to the history of computers. The development of computers reflects the wisdom of modern humans.
译文：
计算机的发展史
公元前5世纪，中国人发明了算盘。它被广泛应用于商业贸易，这是第一次的计算工具。 它也被认为是一台电脑的原型。直到17世纪，计算设备的第二个重要的一步。1666年，塞缪尔·莫兰德是英国人，是加数和减数机的发明者。1832年，巴贝奇和约瑟夫·克莱门特发明了计算设备。它的大小几乎一样大的房子。1943年1月：在美国，开发了先进的计算机，它重达5吨，75万件。这些电脑主要用于在战争开始。1987年：一个超级版本，它可以每秒运算200万。目前，计算机的类型有很多朋友，根据计算机的处理速度分类，可分为五种类型：超级计算机、大型机、小型机、工作站和微型计算机。
“谁发明了计算机？”真正的答案是，许多发明家计算机的历史贡献。计算机的发展，反映了现代人类的智慧。
Evolution of the Computer:
The first counting device was the abacus, originally from Asia. It worked on a place-value notion meaning that the place of a bead or rock on the apparatus determined how much it was worth.
1600s: John Napier discovers logarithms. Robert Bissaker invents the slide rule which will remain in popular use until 19??.
1642: Blaise Pascal, a French mathematician and philosopher, invents the first mechanical digital calculator using gears, called the Pascaline. Although this machine could perform addition and subtraction on whole numbers, it was too expensive and only Pascal himself could repare it.
1804: Joseph Marie Jacquard used punch cards to automate a weaving loom.
1812: Charles P. Babbage, the "father of the computer", discovered that many long calculations involved many similar, repeated operations. Therefore, he designed a machine, the difference engine which would be steam-powered, fully automatic and commanded by a fixed instruction program. In 1833, Babbage quit working on this machine to concentrate on the analytical engine.
1840s: Augusta Ada. "The first programmer" suggested that a binary system shouled be used for staorage rather than a decimal system.
1850s: George Boole developed Boolean logic which would later be used in the design of computer circuitry.
1890: Dr. Herman Hollerith introced the first electromechanical, punched-card data-processing machine which was used to compile information for the 1890 U.S. census. Hollerith's tabulator became so successful that he started his own business to market it. His company would eventually become International Business Machines (IBM).
1906: The vacuum tube is invented by American physicist Lee De Forest.
1939: Dr. John V. Atanasoff and his assistant Clifford Berry build the first electronic digital computer. Their machine, the Atanasoff-Berry-Computer (ABC) provided the foundation for the advances in electronic digital computers.
1941, Konrad Zuse (recently deceased in January of 1996), from Germany, introced the first programmable computer designed to solve complex engineering equations. This machine, called the Z3, was also the first to work on the binary system instead of the decimal system.
1943: British mathematician Alan Turing developped a hypothetical device, the Turing machine which would be designed to perform logical operation and could read and write. It would presage programmable computers. He also used vacuum technology to build British Colossus, a machine used to counteract the German code scrambling device, Enigma.
1944: Howard Aiken, in collaboration with engineers from IBM, constructed a large automatic digital sequence-controlled computer called the Harvard Mark I. This computer could handle all four arithmetic opreations, and had special built-in programs for logarithms and trigonometric functions.
1945: Dr. John von Neumann presented a paper outlining the stored-program concept.
1947: The giant ENIAC (Electrical Numerical Integrator and Calculator) machine was developped by John W. Mauchly and J. Presper Eckert, Jr. at the University of Pennsylvania. It used 18, 000 vacuums, punch-card input, weighed thirty tons and occupied a thirty-by-fifty-foot space. It wasn't programmable but was proctive from 1946 to 1955 and was used to compute artillery firing tables. That same year, the transistor was invented by William Shockley, John Bardeen and Walter Brattain of Bell Labs. It would rid computers of vacuum tubes and radios.
1949: Maurice V. Wilkes built the EDSAC (Electronic Delay Storage Automatic Computer), the first stored-program computer. EDVAC (Electronic Discrete Variable Automatic Computer), the second stored-program computer was built by Mauchly, Eckert, and von Neumann. An Wang developped magnetic-core memory which Jay Forrester would reorganize to be more efficient.
1950: Turing built the ACE, considered by some to be the first programmable digital computer.
⑤ 介绍电脑的发明的英语作文
The golden age of computers began with the digital revolution, but people have been using computers in their daily lives since the beginning of civilization. The history of computers began with simple adding devices. Milestones in the 20th century included the invention of the transistor and the development of the microprocessor, which led to the modern-day computer. In 1937 the first electronic digital computer was built by Dr. John V. Atanasoff and Clifford Berry. It was called the Atanasoff-Berry Computer (ABC). In 1943 an electronic computer name the Colossus was built for the military. Other developments continued until in 1946 the first general– purpose digital computer, the Electronic Numerical Integrator and Computer (ENIAC) was built. It is said that this computer weighed 30 tons, and had 18,000 vacuum tubes which was used for processing. When this computer was turned on for the first time lights dim in sections of Philadelphia. Computers of this generation could only perform single task, and they had no operating system.As a result of the various improvements to the development of the computer we have seen the computer being used in all areas of life. It is a very useful tool that will continue to experience new development as time passes.
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⑥ 计算机发展史（只要英文的）
检举 | 2011-10-10 23:37 最佳答案 "Who invented the computer?" is not a question with a simple answer. The real answer is that many inventors contributed to the history of computers and that a computer is a complex piece of machinery made up of many parts, each of which can be considered a separate invention.
"Computer" was defined as any programmable electronic device that can store, retrieve, and process data. The basic idea of computing develops in the 1200's when a Moslem cleric proposes solving problems with a series of written proceres.
As early as the 1640's mechanical calculators are manufactured for sale. Records exist of earlier machines, but Blaise Pascal invents the first commercial calculator, a hand powered adding machine. Although attempts to multiply mechanically were made by Gottfried Liebnitz in the 1670s the first true multiplying calculator appears in Germany shortly before the American Revolution.
In 1801 a Frenchman, Joseph-Marie Jacquard builds a loom that weaves by reading punched holes stored on small sheets of hardwood. These plates are then inserted into the loom which reads (retrieves) the pattern and creates(process) the weave. Powered by water, this "machine" came 140 years before the development of the modern computer.
Shortly after the first mass-proced calculator(1820), Charles Babbage begins his lifelong quest for a programmable machine. Although Babbage was a poor communicator and record-keeper, his difference engine is sufficiently developed by 1842 that Ada Lovelace uses it to mechanically translate a short written work. She is generally regarded as the first programmer. Twelve years later George Boole, while professor of Mathematics at Cork University, writes An Investigation of the Laws of Thought(1854), and is generally recognized as the father of computer science.
The 1890 census is tabulated on punch cards similar to the ones used 90 years earlier to create weaves. Developed by Herman Hollerith of MIT, the system uses electric power(non-mechanical). The Hollerith Tabulating Company is a forerunner of today's IBM.
Just prior to the introction of Hollerith's machine the first printing calculator is introced. In 1892 William Burroughs, a sickly ex-teller, introces a commercially successful printing calculator. Although hand-powered, Burroughs quickly introces an electronic model.
In 1925, unaware of the work of Charles Babbage, Vannevar Bush of MIT builds a machine he calls the differential analyzer. Using a set of gears and shafts, much like Babbage, the machine can handle simple calculus problems, but accuracy is a problem.
The period from 1935 through 1952 gets murky with claims and counterclaims of who invents what and when. Part of the problem lies in the international situation that makes much of the research secret. Other problems include poor record-keeping, deception and lack of definition.
In 1935, Konrad Zuse, a German construction engineer, builds a mechanical calculator to handle the math involved in his profession. Shortly after completion, Zuse starts on a programmable electronic device which he completes in 1938.
John Vincent Atanasoff begins work on a digital computer in 1936 in the basement of the Physics building on the campus of Iowa State. A graate student, Clifford (John) Berry assists. The "ABC" is designed to solve linear equations common in physics. It displays some early features of later computers including electronic calculations. He shows it to others in 1939 and leaves the patent application with attorneys for the school when he leaves for a job in Washington ring World War II. Unimpressed, the school never files and ABC is cannibalized by students.
The Enigma, a complex mechanical encoder is used by the Germans and they believe it to be unbreakable. Several people involved, most notably Alan Turing, conceive machines to handle the problem, but none are technically feasible. Turing proposes a "Universal Machine" capable of "computing" any algorithm in 1937. That same year George Steblitz creates his Model K(itchen), a conglomeration of otherwise useless and leftover material, to solve complex calculations. He improves the design while working at Bell Labs and on September 11, 1940, Steblitz uses a teletype machine at Dartmouth College in New Hampshire to transmit a problem to his Complex Number Calculator in New York and receives the results. It is the first example of a network.
First in Poland, and later in Great Britain and the United States, the Enigma code is broken. Information gained by this shortens the war. To break the code, the British, led by Touring, build the Colossus Mark I. The existence of this machine is a closely guarded secret of the British Government until 1970. The United States Navy, aided to some extent by the British, builds a machine capable of breaking not only the German code but the Japanese code as well.已赞同2| 评论
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