Ⅰ 学校总是扼杀创造力吗英语作文
TED（Technology、Entertainment、Design的缩写）大会的宗旨是“用思想的力量来改变世界”，它于1984年由理查德·温曼和哈里·马克思共同创办。每年来自全球不同学科的顶尖学者与实践者们会云集该大会，将自己的研究成果凝聚在一个18分钟的演讲里。演讲内容涵盖科学、艺术、政治、建筑、音乐等。
Ken RobinsonKen Robinson，全球知名创新与创造力专家，在开发创造性和创新能力方面是国际公认的领袖人物。本文节选自他在TED大会论坛上就创建一个呵护而非摧残创造力的教育体系而发表的演讲，语言深入浅出、发人深思。
We’ve all agreed on the really extraordinary capacity that children have, their capacities for innovation. And my 1)contention is, all kids have tremendous talents and we 2)squander them, pretty ruthlessly. So I want to talk about ecation and creativity. My contention is that creativity now is as important in ecation as literacy, and we should treat it with the same status.
我们一致认同，孩子拥有超凡的才能，或者说创新能力。我认为：每个孩子身上都蕴含着巨大的才能，却被成人无情地磨灭了。因此，我想谈谈教育和创造力。我相信在当今这个时代，创造力在教育中的地位同读写能力一样重要，理应得到同等程度的重视。
I heard a great story recently, I love telling it, of a six-year-old girl who was in a drawing lesson. The teacher said usually this little girl hardly paid attention, but in this drawing lesson she did. The teacher was fascinated and she went over to her and said, “What are you drawing?” and the girl said, “I’m drawing a picture of God.” And the teacher said, “But nobody knows what God looks like.” And the girl said, “They will in a minute.”
前些日子我听到了一个很棒的故事，我喜欢逢人就讲。有个6岁的小姑娘在上绘画课。她的老师说，这个小姑娘上课一向不怎么专心，而这次却不同。老师很好奇，于是走过去问小姑娘：“你在画什么？”“我在画上帝”，小姑娘答道。老师不解：“可是从来没有人知道上帝长什么样啊！”小姑娘答道：“等我画好他们就知道了。”
Picasso once said that all children are born artists. The problem is remaining an artist as we grow up. I believe passionately that we don’t grow into creativity, we grow out of it. Or rather we get ecated out of it. So why is this?
毕加索曾经说过：每一个孩子都是天生的艺术家。问题在于我们长大之后能否继续保持着艺术家的个性。我坚信，随着年龄的增长，我们的创造力并非与日俱增，反而是与日俱减。甚至可以说，我们的创造力被教育扼杀了。怎么会这样呢？
Every ecation system on earth has the same hierarchy of subjects—every one; it doesn’t matter where you go, you’d think it would be otherwise but it isn’t. At the top are mathematics and languages, then the 3)humanities, and the bottom are the arts. Everywhere on earth. There isn’t an ecation system on the planet that teaches dance every day to children the way we teach them mathematics. Why? Why not? I think this is rather important. I think maths is very important but so is dance. Children dance all the time if they’re allowed to, we all do. We all have bodies, don’t we? Truthfully what happens is, as children grow up we start to ecate them progressively from the waist up. And then we focus on their heads. And slightly to one side.
世界上所有的教育系统都有着相同的学科体系，无一例外。你会想肯定有某个地方会例外的吧，可是无论你走到哪都是这样。位于顶端的是数学和语言，接着是人文学科，处在最底端的是艺术。全球普遍如此。在这颗星球上没有一个教育系统会像上数学课一样天天给孩子们上舞蹈课。为什么？为什么不这样？我觉得这非常重要。我知道数学很重要，但是舞蹈也同样重要啊。如果获得允许，孩子们可以整天跳舞，我们也是。我们都有身体可以舞动起来，不是吗？现实中的真相是：随着孩子们在长大，大人们开始逐步地训练他们，首先是腰部以上的部位，然后是集中训练他们的大脑，并且渐渐地有点偏向大脑一侧。
If you were to visit ecation as an alien and say what’s it for, public ecation, I think you’d have to conclude (if you look at the output, who really succeeds by this, who does everything they should, who gets all the 4)brownie points, who are the winners) the whole purpose of public ecation throughout the world is to proce university professors. Isn’t it? They’re the people who come out on top. And I used to be one, so there. And I like university professors, but you know, we shouldn’t hold them up as the 5)high-water mark of all human achievement. They’re just a form of life, another form of life. But they’re rather curious and I say this out of affection for them, there’s something curious about them, not all of them but typically, they live in their heads, they live up there, and slightly to one side. They’re 6)disembodied. They look upon their bodies as a form of transport for their heads, don’t they?
假设你是一位外星来客，来考察地球上的教育，想知道公共教育究竟有何作用。在得出结论之前，我建议你先看看公共教育的产物，看看究竟是谁通过教育获得成功？是谁中规中矩地完成了使命？是谁得到了所有的赞许？又是谁成了最后的赢家？我想你会由此得出结论：全球公共教育的目的完全在于培养大学教授，不是吗？他们是教育体制最高端的产物。我过去也曾是其中一员，嗯，我喜欢大学教授们。不过，你知道，我们不应该将他们推崇为全人类最大的成就。他们所代表的仅仅是一种生活方式，另一种不同的生活方式。不过大学教授们还是蛮古怪的，我是出于对他们的喜爱才这么说的，虽然不是所有大学教授都这样，但他们的确有些奇特，典型表现为：他们生活在自己的思维里，住在自己的大脑中，而且还略偏向于大脑一侧。他们崇尚精神世界，躯体在他们看来不过是思维的承载工具，不是吗？
In the next 30 years, according to 7)UNESCO, more people worldwide will be graating through ecation than since the beginning of history. More people, and it’s the combination of all the things we’ve talked about—technology and its transformation effect on work, and demography and the huge explosion in population. Suddenly degrees aren’t worth anything. Isn’t that true? When I was a student, if you had a degree, you had a job. If you didn’t have a job it’s because you didn’t want one. And I didn’t want one, frankly. But now kids with degrees are often heading home to carry on playing video games, because you need an 8)MA where the previous job required a 9)BA, and now you need a 10)PhD for the other. It’s a process of academic inflation. And it indicates the whole structure of ecation is shifting beneath our feet. We need to 11)radically rethink our view of intelligence.
根据联合国教科文组织的统计预测，未来三十年内全球的教育系统毕业生人数将达到历史之最。高科技及其对工作性质的改变影响，人口以及人口大爆炸，这些我们提及过的因素加在一起将导致毕业生越来越多。学历突然缩水了。难道不是吗？我上学那会儿，只要你有一纸文凭，你就有饭碗。如果你没有工作，那是因为你不想要。坦白说，我当时就不想要（作者的自嘲）。可现在有学历的毕业生们却常常待业在家打游戏，因为工作岗位的学历要求都升级了，过去需要学士的岗位现在开始要硕士了，过去要硕士的岗位现在要博士了。这是个“学历膨胀”的过程。这一过程说明了整个教育体系正在我们眼下经历着重大转变。我们需要从根本上重新审视自己的智能观。
We know three things about intelligence: One, it’s diverse. We think about the world in all the ways we experience it. We think visually, we think in sound, we think 12)kinesthetically. We think in abstract terms, we think in movement.
我们知道智能有三大特点：第一，智能具有多元性。我们运用各种体验方式来认知世界，比如视觉、听觉、触觉、抽象化、动态化等等。
Secondly, intelligence is dynamic. The brain isn’t divided into compartments. In fact, creativity, which I define as the process of having original ideas that have value, 13)more often than not comes about through the interaction of different 14)disciplinary ways of seeing things.
第二，智能具有交互性。大脑并不是由相互隔绝的单元组成的。事实上，创造活动往往就诞生于各学科看待事物的不同方式所产生的交互作用，在我看来，创造就是“有价值的原创思想的产生过程”。
And the third thing about intelligence is, it’s distinct. I’m doing a new book at the moment called Epiphany which is based on a series of interviews with people about how they discovered their talent. I’m fascinated by how people got to be there. It’s really 15)prompted by a conversation I had with a wonderful woman who maybe most people have never heard of, Gillian Lynne. She’s a 16)choreographer. She did Cats, and Phantom of the Opera, she’s wonderful. Gillian and I had lunch one day and I said, “Gillian, how’d you get to be a dancer?” And she said it was interesting, when she was at school, she was really hopeless. And the school, in the 30s, wrote her parents and said, “We think Gillian has a 17)learning disorder.” She couldn’t concentrate, she was 18)fidgeting.
第三，智能具有独特性。目前我正在写一本新书，叫做《悟》，是根据一系列人物访谈写成的，主题围绕“你是如何发现自己才能的？”。我对人们的自我发现很感兴趣。事实上，写这本书的念头源自我和一位出色的女士之间的对话，也许这里大部分人没有听说过她，她叫吉莉安·林恩，是一名舞蹈指导，曾经给歌舞剧《猫》、《歌剧魅影》编排舞蹈，非常棒的一位女士！有一天我和吉莉安一起吃午餐，我问她：“吉莉安，你当初是怎么走上跳舞这条路的？”她告诉我，其中的故事还蛮有趣的。当年她在学校时，大家都说她没得救了。那还是在上世纪三十年代，学校写信给她父母说“我们认为吉莉安有学习障碍”。那时候的她无法集中注意力，总是坐立不安。
Anyway, she went to see a 19)specialist in an oak-paneled room with her mother and she sat on her hands for 20 minutes while this man talked to her mother about all the problems Gillian was having at school. In the end, the doctor went and sat next to Gillian and said, “Gillian I’ve listened to all these things that your mother’s told me, and I need to speak to her privately. Wait here, we’ll be back, we won’t be very long,” and they went and left her.
后来她妈妈就带着她去看专科。那是一间铺着橡木地板的诊室。吉莉安把双手压在屁股下，耐住性子坐了20分钟，这段时间里医生和她妈妈谈论了她在学校里出现的种种问题。最后，医生走过来坐在吉莉安身边对她说：“吉莉安，你妈妈和我讲了你的所有事情，现在我要和她私下谈谈。在这儿等着，我们很快就回来。”于是他们就留下她出去了。
But as they went out the room, he turned on the radio that was sitting on his desk, and when they got out the room, he said to her mother, “Just stand and watch her.” And the minute they left the room, she said, she was on her feet, moving to the music. And they watched for a few minutes and he turned to her mother and said, “Mrs. Lynne, Gillian isn’t sick; she’s a dancer. Take her to a dance school.” Somebody else might have put her on medication and told her to calm down.
就在他们离开房间的时候，医生拧开了他桌上的收音机。走出房间后，医生对吉莉安的妈妈说道：“就在这儿观察一下她”。吉莉安说，他们刚离开房间她就站了起来，随着音乐移动步子。在外面观察了几分钟后，那位医生转向她妈妈说道：“林恩夫人，吉莉安并没有生病，她是个天生的舞蹈家。送她去舞蹈学校吧。”（感谢当年那位医生，）换了别人或许会对吉莉安进行药物治疗，并告诉她要平静下来。
I believe our only hope for the future is to adopt a new conception of human ecology, one in which we start to reconstitute our conception of the richness of human capacity. Our ecation system has mined our minds in the way that we 20)strip-mine the earth, for a particular commodity, and for the future, it won’t serve us.
我认为我们未来唯一的希望在于创设一种新的人文生态构想，唯有在此构想上才可重新认识到人类能力之丰富。如同获得商品的欲望驱使人类掠采矿物资源，现行的教育体制也正以此道压榨着我们的智力，而这种压榨并不能造福人类社会。
We have to rethink the fundamental principles on which we’re ecating our children. And our task is to ecate their whole being, so they can face this future—by the way, we may not see this future, but they will. And our job is to help them make something of it.
我们必须重新思考我们教育孩子的基本原则。我们的任务是教育所有的孩子，以便他们能够面对未来——顺便提一下，这个未来或许我们是看不见了，但是他们可以，我们的工作就是帮助他们战胜未来的挑战。
Ⅱ 邹奇奇ted演讲稿英文的，加中文翻译
http://www.ted.com/talks/lang/chi_hant/adora_svitak.html
英语字幕，可以转换。
首先我要问大家一个问题： 上一回别人说你幼稚是什么时候？ 像我这样的小孩， 可能经常会被人说成是幼稚。 每一次我们提出不合理的要求， 做出不负责任的行为， 或者展现出有别于 普通美国公民的惯常行为之时， 我们就被说成是幼稚。 这让我很不服气。 首先，让我们来回顾下这些事件： 帝国主义和殖民主义， 世界大战，小布什。 请你们扪心自问下：这些该归咎于谁？是大人。
而小孩呢，做了些什么？ 安妮·弗兰克(Anne Frank)对大屠杀强有力的叙述 打动了数百万人的心。 鲁比·布里奇斯为美国种族隔离的终结作出了贡献。 另外，最近还有一个例子， 查理·辛普森（Charlie Simpson）骑自行车 为海地募得 12万英镑。 所以，这些例子证明了 年龄与行为完全没有关系。 "幼稚"这个词所对应的特点 是常常可以从大人身上看到， 由此我们在批评 不负责和非理性的相关行为时， 应停止使用这个年龄歧视的词。
（掌声）
谢谢！
话说回来，谁能说 我们这个世界不正是需要 某些类型的非理性思维吗？ 也许你以前有过宏大的计划， 但却半途而废，心想： 这个不可能，或代价太高 或这对我不利。 不管是好是坏，我们小孩子 在思考不做某事的理由时，不太受这些考量的影响。 小孩可能会有满脑子的奇思妙想 和积极的想法， 例如我希望没有人挨饿 或者所有东西都是免费的，有点像乌托邦的理念。 你们当中有多少人还会有这样的梦想 并相信其可能性？ 有时候对历史 及对乌托邦的了解， 可能是一种负担， 因为你知道假如所有东西都是免费的， 食物储备会被清空， 而缺失将会导致混乱。 另一方面， 我们小孩还对完美抱有希望。 这是件好事，因为 要将任何事情变为现实， 你首先得心怀梦想。
在很多方面，我们的大胆想象 拓宽了可能性的疆界。 例如，华盛顿州塔可马市的玻璃博物馆， 我的家乡华盛顿州——你好！ （掌声） 这个博物馆里有一个项目叫“儿童玻璃设计”， 小孩们自由创作自己的玻璃作品。 后来，驻馆艺术家说 他们所有的一些极佳灵感就来自这个项目， 因为小孩不去理会 吹出不同形状玻璃的难度限制 他们只是构思好的点子。 当说到玻璃的时候，你们可能 想到的是奇胡利(Chihuly)色彩丰富的玻璃设计 或意大利花瓶， 但小孩子敢于挑战玻璃艺术家，并超越他们 进入心碎蛇 和火腿男孩的领地——看到了吗，火腿男孩有“肉视力”哦 （笑声）
我们先天的智慧 堪比内行人的知识。 小孩已经从大人身上学到许多， 而我们也有很多东西可以和大人共享。 我认为大人应该开始向小孩学习。 听我演讲的观众大都是教育圈子里的， 这其中有老师和学生。我喜欢这个类比。 不应该只是老师站在教室讲台上 告诉学生做这个做那个。 学生亦应教育他们的老师。 成人和儿童之间 应该互相学习。 不幸的是，于现实里，情况是截然不同的。 这跟信任的关系很大，或者说是缺乏信任的结果。
如果你不信任某人，你就给他们设限，对吧。 如果我怀疑我姐姐没有能力 偿还我给她的上一笔贷款的 百分之十的利息时， 我将要限制她再向我借钱， 直到她还清借款为止。（笑声） 顺便提一下，这是个真实的例子。 大人呢，似乎普遍地 对小孩持限制性的态度， 从学校手册里的 “不能做这个”、“不能做那个” 到学校互联网使用的各种限制性规定。 历史告诉我们，当政体害怕统治失控时， 它就会变得暴虐。 虽然大人可能不会 像独裁政权一样心狠手辣， 但小孩在制定规则方面是几乎没有话语权的。 而正确的态度应该是两者相互尊重的， 也就是说成人群体应该了解 并认真对待年幼群体的 愿望。
然而比限制更糟糕的是， 大人常常低估小孩的能力。 我们喜欢挑战，但假如大人对我们期望很低的话， 说真的，我们就会不思进取。 我自己的父母对我和姐姐 抱很高的期望。 当然，他们没有让我们立志成为医生 或律师诸如此类的， 但我爸经常读 关于亚里斯多德 和先锋细菌斗士的故事给我们听， 而其他小孩大多听的是 《公车的轮子转呀转》。 其实我们也有听这个，但《先锋细菌斗士》实在是比那个强多了。 （笑声）
四岁的时候我就喜欢上写作， 六岁的时候， 我妈给我买了台装有微软Word软件的个人手提电脑。 谢谢你比尔·盖茨！也谢谢你，妈咪！ 我用那个小手提电脑 写了300多篇短篇故事， 而且我想发表我的作品。 一个小孩想发表作品 这简直是天方夜谭，但我父母没有嘲笑我， 也没有说等你长大点儿再说， 他们非常支持我。 但是很多出版社的回应让人失望。 颇具讽刺意味的是，一个很大的儿童出版社说， 他们不跟儿童打交道。 儿童出版社不跟儿童打交道？ 怎么说呢，你这是在怠慢一个大客户嘛。 （笑声） 有一个出版商，行动出版社 愿意给我一个机会， 并倾听我想说的话。 他们出版了我的第一本书《飞舞的手指》——就是这个—— 那以后，我到数百个学校去演讲， 给数千个老师作主题演讲， 最后，在今天，给你们作演讲。
我感谢你们今天听我演讲， 因为你们会倾听我， 这证明你们真的在乎。 但小孩比大人强得多的这幅乐观图景 是存在一个问题的。 小孩会长大并变成像你们一样的大人。 （笑声） 跟你们一样，真的吗？ 我们的目标不是让小孩变成你们这样的大人， 而是比你们强的大人。 考虑到你们都这么了不起， 这可能颇具挑战性。 但进步 是因新的一代人和新的时期而发生， 不断的进步和发展，并超越之前的年代。 这就是为什么我们不再处于黑暗时代。 不管在生活中你的位置在哪里， 你必须给孩子创造机会。 这样他们才能成长并让你扬眉吐气。 （笑声）
大人和TED观众们， 你们需要倾听并向小孩学习， 信任我们和对我们怀有更高的期望。 今天你们需要聆听， 因为我们是明天的领导， 这意味着当你们年老体衰时， 我们会照顾你们。哈，只是开玩笑了。 确实，我们将成为推动世界前进 的下一代人。 而且，假如你认为这对你没有意义的话， 不要忘了克隆是可能的， 而这意味着童年可以重来， 这种情况下，像我们这一代人一样， 你也会希望大人倾听你们的心声。 世界需要产生新的领导人 和新想法的机会。 小孩需要机会去领导和取得成功。 你准备好去促成这一切了吗？ 因为这个世界的问题， 不应该是人类家庭的传家宝。
谢谢你们！ （掌声） 谢谢！谢谢！
Now, I want to start with a question: When was the last time you were called childish? For kids like me, being called childish can be a frequent occurrence. Every time we make irrational demands, exhibit irresponsible behavior, or display any other signs of being normal American citizens, we are called childish, which really bothers me. After all, take a look at these events: Imperialism and colonization, world wars, George W. Bush. Ask yourself: Who's responsible? Alts.
Now, what have kids done? Well, Anne Frank touched millions with her powerful account of the Holocaust, Ruby Bridges helped end segregation in the United States, and, most recently, Charlie Simpson helped to raise 120,000 pounds for Haiti on his little bike. So, as you can see evidenced by such examples, age has absolutely nothing to do with it. The traits the word childish addresses are seen so often in alts that we should abolish this age-discriminatory word when it comes to criticizing behavior associated with irresponsibility and irrational thinking.
(Applause)
Thank you.
Then again, who's to say that certain types of irrational thinking aren't exactly what the world needs? Maybe you've had grand plans before, but stopped yourself, thinking: That's impossible or that costs too much or that won't benefit me. For better or worse, we kids aren't hampered as much when it comes to thinking about reasons why not to do things. Kids can be full of inspiring aspirations and hopeful thinking, like my wish that no one went hungry or that everything were free kind of utopia. How many of you still dream like that and believe in the possibilities? Sometimes a knowledge of history and the past failures of utopian ideals can be a burden because you know that if everything were free, that the food stocks would become depleted, and scarce and lead to chaos. On the other hand, we kids still dream about perfection. And that's a good thing because in order to make anything a reality, you have to dream about it first.
In many ways, our audacity to imagine helps push the boundaries of possibility. For instance, the Museum of Glass in Tacoma, Washington, my home state -- yoohoo Washington -- (Applause) has a program called Kids Design Glass, and kids draw their own ideas for glass art. Now, the resident artist said they got some of their best ideas through the program because kids don't think about the limitations of how hard it can be to blow glass into certain shapes. They just think of good ideas. Now, when you think of glass, you might think of colorful Chihuly designs or maybe Italian vases, but kids challenge glass artists to go beyond that into the realm of broken-hearted snakes and bacon boys, who you can see has meat vision. (Laughter)
Now, our inherent wisdom doesn't have to be insiders' knowledge. Kids already do a lot of learning from alts, and we have a lot to share. I think that alts should start learning from kids. Now, I do most of my speaking in front of an ecation crowd, teachers and students, and I like this analogy. It shouldn't just be a teacher at the head of the classroom telling students do this, do that. The students should teach their teachers. Learning between grown ups and kids should be reciprocal. The reality, unfortunately, is a little different, and it has a lot to do with trust, or a lack of it.
Now, if you don't trust someone, you place restrictions on them, right. If I doubt my older sister's ability to pay back the 10 percent interest I established on her last loan, I'm going to withhold her ability to get more money from me until she pays it back. (Laughter) True story, by the way. Now, alts seem to have a prevalently restrictive attitude towards kids from every "don't do that," "don't do this" in the school handbook, to restrictions on school internet use. As history points out, regimes become oppressive when they're fearful about keeping control. And, although alts may not be quite at the level of totalitarian regimes, kids have no, or very little, say in making the rules, when really the attitude should be reciprocal, meaning that the alt population should learn and take into account the wishes of the younger population.
Now, what's even worse than restriction is that alts often underestimate kids abilities. We love challenges, but when expectations are low, trust me, we will sink to them. My own parents had anything but low expectations for me and my sister. Okay, so they didn't tell us to become doctors or lawyers or anything like that, but my dad did read to us about Aristotle and pioneer germ fighters when lots of other kids were hearing "The Wheels on the Bus Go Round and Round." Well, we heard that one too, but "Pioneer Germ Fighters" totally rules. (Laughter)
I loved to write from the age of four, and when I was six my mom bought me my own laptop equipped with Microsoft Word. Thank you Bill Gates and thank you Ma. I wrote over 300 short stories on that little laptop, and I wanted to get published. Instead of just scoffing at this heresy that a kid wanted to get published, or saying wait until you're older, my parents were really supportive. Many publishers were not quite so encouraging. One large children's publisher ironically saying that they didn't work with children. Children's publisher not working with children? I don't know, you're kind of alienating a large client there. (Laughter) Now, one publisher, Action Publishing, was willing to take that leap and trust me, and to listen to what I had to say. They published my first book, "Flying Fingers," -- you see it here -- and from there on, it's gone to speaking at hundreds of schools, keynoting to thousands of ecators, and finally, today, speaking to you.
I appreciate your attention today, because to show that you truly care, you listen. But there's a problem with this rosy picture of kids being so much better than alts. Kids grow up and become alts just like you. (Laughter) Or just like you, really? The goal is not to turn kids into your kind of alt, but rather better alts than you have been, which may be a little challenging considering your guys credentials, but the way progress happens is because new generations and new eras grow and develop and become better than the previous ones. It's the reason we're not in the Dark Ages anymore. No matter your position of place in life, it is imperative to create opportunities for children so that we can grow up to blow you away. (Laughter)
Alts and fellow TEDsters, you need to listen and learn from kids and trust us and expect more from us. You must lend an ear today, because we are the leaders of tomorrow, which means we're going to be taking care of you when you're old and senile. No, just kidding. No, really, we are going to be the next generation, the ones who will bring this world forward. And, in case you don't think that this really has meaning for you, remember that cloning is possible, and that involves going through childhood again, in which case, you'll want to be heard just like my generation. Now, the world needs opportunities for new leaders and new ideas. Kids need opportunities to lead and succeed. Are you ready to make the match? Because the world's problems shouldn't be the human family's heirloom.
Thank you. (Applause) Thank you. Thank you.
Ⅲ 有没有ted演讲视频的演讲稿
第一步：点击你要观看的视频，转换为播放页面。
第二步：视频播放器下方点击downloand按钮，弹出对话框。
第三步：选择你想要的视频清晰度，右键“目标另存为”或者使用软件进行。
Ⅳ ted演讲学校 扼杀创造力 的笑点
为什么节食不能减肥：大脑在调控你的体重 作为一名神经科学家，我很疑惑，为什么这如此困难？很显然，你的重量决定于你吃了多少和你消耗了多少能量。但绝大部分人没有意识到的是，饥饿和消耗是由大脑掌控的。大多数情况下你甚至不会意识到你的大脑在后台做了很多事。 这很好，因为你的意识很容易被分散——当你专注于电影的时候，你不需要记得呼吸亦可畅快地呼吸；你不会因为思考晚餐吃什么而忘记如何行走。你的大脑对于你的体重有着自己的一套想法，无论你有意识地在想些什么。这被叫做你的设定值，但那是个误导人的术语，因为事实上它是一个范围，大约在10到15磅内浮动。你可以通过选择生活方式来改变你的体重，在这个范围内上下浮动。但是如果要超出这个范围将是非常非常困难的。 大脑的一个部分叫下丘脑，它调节着你的体重。 你的大脑有十多种化学会告诉你的身体去增加体重，还有另外十多种会告诉你的身体去减重。这系统的工作原理就像恒温器，对身体接收到的做出反应，通过调节饥饿感，活动，新陈代谢。根据条件的变化，维持你的体重。这就是恒温器的作用，对吧？恒温器会根据屋外部天气的变化不断调节，从而保持室内的温度恒定。现在你可以通过在冬季打开一扇窗来调节室内的温度，但这个动作并不会改变恒温器的设置——恒温器对此的反应是打开火炉，把屋内的温度调节回温暖的状态。 你的大脑就是这样工作的，当你体重减轻的时候，它会用有效地工具让你的体重回归，回归到它认为正常的状态。如果你减重过多，你大脑的反应就是你快饿死了。无论你最初是胖还是瘦，大脑的反应都是一模一样的。我们非常希望我们的大脑可以感知我们是否需要减重，但它不能。如果你真的减去了很多体重，你会感到很饿，你的肌肉会消耗更少的能量。 哥伦比亚大学的鲁迪利贝尔博士发现那些减去体重10%的人们，消耗的热量比未减重之前少到卡路里，因为他们的新陈代谢被抑制了。这些（热量）等于相当多的食物中所含的热量。 这意味着一个成功的节食者必须比和他相同体重的人少吃这么多食物，因为那个人一直都这么瘦。 在人类历史进程中，饥饿一直是比吃撑更大的问题。这说明了一个非常可悲的事实——设定值可以增加，但几乎不会减少。节食成功并不会降低设定值。如果减重是由长时间饥饿造成的，即便是你已经减轻体重长达七年之久，你的大脑一直会让你把减掉的体重增回来。这是合情合理的反应。在充斥着得来速汉堡的现代世界，这种反应并不适用于大多数人。过去我们祖先的生活和现代人富足的生活的差异是渥太华大学的约尼博士想让他的一些病人回到食物不充足年代的原因。这也是为什么改变饮食环境将成为解决肥胖问题最有效的方法。不幸的是，短暂的增重可变为永久的增重。如果你长时间处于超重状态，对于我们大多数人来说可能是若干年，你的大脑就会觉得这是新的正常状态。 节食者更易超重 心理学家把“吃货”分成两类：一类人靠本能的饥饿反应去吃，另一类人则是用意志去控制饮食，就像大多数节食者一样。我们称他们为本能型食者和自控型食者。有趣的是本型能食者很少会超重，并且他们会花较少的时间思考吃什么东西。自控型食者则更容易受到、超大分量和自助餐的影响，而造成饮食过量。一个小小的放纵，比如一勺冰激凌，更有可能在自控型食者中导致暴饮暴食的结果。在这种节食和暴饮暴食的循环下，孩子们特别容易受到伤害。一些研究表明，在青少年初期节食的女孩在五年之后超重的可能性是未节食者的三倍。所有这些研究发现，预示体重增加的因素，也预示着饮食失调的产生。顺便说一下，请家长们注意了：另一个增重的因素是“因体重而被家庭成员取笑”，所以别那样做。