Ⅰ 學校總是扼殺創造力嗎英語作文
TED（Technology、Entertainment、Design的縮寫）大會的宗旨是「用思想的力量來改變世界」，它於1984年由理查德·溫曼和哈里·馬克思共同創辦。每年來自全球不同學科的頂尖學者與實踐者們會雲集該大會，將自己的研究成果凝聚在一個18分鍾的演講里。演講內容涵蓋科學、藝術、政治、建築、音樂等。
Ken RobinsonKen Robinson，全球知名創新與創造力專家，在開發創造性和創新能力方面是國際公認的領袖人物。本文節選自他在TED大會論壇上就創建一個呵護而非摧殘創造力的教育體系而發表的演講，語言深入淺出、發人深思。
We』ve all agreed on the really extraordinary capacity that children have, their capacities for innovation. And my 1)contention is, all kids have tremendous talents and we 2)squander them, pretty ruthlessly. So I want to talk about ecation and creativity. My contention is that creativity now is as important in ecation as literacy, and we should treat it with the same status.
我們一致認同，孩子擁有超凡的才能，或者說創新能力。我認為：每個孩子身上都蘊含著巨大的才能，卻被成人無情地磨滅了。因此，我想談談教育和創造力。我相信在當今這個時代，創造力在教育中的地位同讀寫能力一樣重要，理應得到同等程度的重視。
I heard a great story recently, I love telling it, of a six-year-old girl who was in a drawing lesson. The teacher said usually this little girl hardly paid attention, but in this drawing lesson she did. The teacher was fascinated and she went over to her and said, 「What are you drawing?」 and the girl said, 「I』m drawing a picture of God.」 And the teacher said, 「But nobody knows what God looks like.」 And the girl said, 「They will in a minute.」
前些日子我聽到了一個很棒的故事，我喜歡逢人就講。有個6歲的小姑娘在上繪畫課。她的老師說，這個小姑娘上課一向不怎麼專心，而這次卻不同。老師很好奇，於是走過去問小姑娘：「你在畫什麼？」「我在畫上帝」，小姑娘答道。老師不解：「可是從來沒有人知道上帝長什麼樣啊！」小姑娘答道：「等我畫好他們就知道了。」
Picasso once said that all children are born artists. The problem is remaining an artist as we grow up. I believe passionately that we don』t grow into creativity, we grow out of it. Or rather we get ecated out of it. So why is this?
畢加索曾經說過：每一個孩子都是天生的藝術家。問題在於我們長大之後能否繼續保持著藝術家的個性。我堅信，隨著年齡的增長，我們的創造力並非與日俱增，反而是與日俱減。甚至可以說，我們的創造力被教育扼殺了。怎麼會這樣呢？
Every ecation system on earth has the same hierarchy of subjects—every one; it doesn』t matter where you go, you』d think it would be otherwise but it isn』t. At the top are mathematics and languages, then the 3)humanities, and the bottom are the arts. Everywhere on earth. There isn』t an ecation system on the planet that teaches dance every day to children the way we teach them mathematics. Why? Why not? I think this is rather important. I think maths is very important but so is dance. Children dance all the time if they』re allowed to, we all do. We all have bodies, don』t we? Truthfully what happens is, as children grow up we start to ecate them progressively from the waist up. And then we focus on their heads. And slightly to one side.
世界上所有的教育系統都有著相同的學科體系，無一例外。你會想肯定有某個地方會例外的吧，可是無論你走到哪都是這樣。位於頂端的是數學和語言，接著是人文學科，處在最底端的是藝術。全球普遍如此。在這顆星球上沒有一個教育系統會像上數學課一樣天天給孩子們上舞蹈課。為什麼？為什麼不這樣？我覺得這非常重要。我知道數學很重要，但是舞蹈也同樣重要啊。如果獲得允許，孩子們可以整天跳舞，我們也是。我們都有身體可以舞動起來，不是嗎？現實中的真相是：隨著孩子們在長大，大人們開始逐步地訓練他們，首先是腰部以上的部位，然後是集中訓練他們的大腦，並且漸漸地有點偏向大腦一側。
If you were to visit ecation as an alien and say what』s it for, public ecation, I think you』d have to conclude (if you look at the output, who really succeeds by this, who does everything they should, who gets all the 4)brownie points, who are the winners) the whole purpose of public ecation throughout the world is to proce university professors. Isn』t it? They』re the people who come out on top. And I used to be one, so there. And I like university professors, but you know, we shouldn』t hold them up as the 5)high-water mark of all human achievement. They』re just a form of life, another form of life. But they』re rather curious and I say this out of affection for them, there』s something curious about them, not all of them but typically, they live in their heads, they live up there, and slightly to one side. They』re 6)disembodied. They look upon their bodies as a form of transport for their heads, don』t they?
假設你是一位外星來客，來考察地球上的教育，想知道公共教育究竟有何作用。在得出結論之前，我建議你先看看公共教育的產物，看看究竟是誰通過教育獲得成功？是誰中規中矩地完成了使命？是誰得到了所有的贊許？又是誰成了最後的贏家？我想你會由此得出結論：全球公共教育的目的完全在於培養大學教授，不是嗎？他們是教育體制最高端的產物。我過去也曾是其中一員，嗯，我喜歡大學教授們。不過，你知道，我們不應該將他們推崇為全人類最大的成就。他們所代表的僅僅是一種生活方式，另一種不同的生活方式。不過大學教授們還是蠻古怪的，我是出於對他們的喜愛才這么說的，雖然不是所有大學教授都這樣，但他們的確有些奇特，典型表現為：他們生活在自己的思維里，住在自己的大腦中，而且還略偏向於大腦一側。他們崇尚精神世界，軀體在他們看來不過是思維的承載工具，不是嗎？
In the next 30 years, according to 7)UNESCO, more people worldwide will be graating through ecation than since the beginning of history. More people, and it』s the combination of all the things we』ve talked about—technology and its transformation effect on work, and demography and the huge explosion in population. Suddenly degrees aren』t worth anything. Isn』t that true? When I was a student, if you had a degree, you had a job. If you didn』t have a job it』s because you didn』t want one. And I didn』t want one, frankly. But now kids with degrees are often heading home to carry on playing video games, because you need an 8)MA where the previous job required a 9)BA, and now you need a 10)PhD for the other. It』s a process of academic inflation. And it indicates the whole structure of ecation is shifting beneath our feet. We need to 11)radically rethink our view of intelligence.
根據聯合國教科文組織的統計預測，未來三十年內全球的教育系統畢業生人數將達到歷史之最。高科技及其對工作性質的改變影響，人口以及人口大爆炸，這些我們提及過的因素加在一起將導致畢業生越來越多。學歷突然縮水了。難道不是嗎？我上學那會兒，只要你有一紙文憑，你就有飯碗。如果你沒有工作，那是因為你不想要。坦白說，我當時就不想要（作者的自嘲）。可現在有學歷的畢業生們卻常常待業在家打游戲，因為工作崗位的學歷要求都升級了，過去需要學士的崗位現在開始要碩士了，過去要碩士的崗位現在要博士了。這是個「學歷膨脹」的過程。這一過程說明了整個教育體系正在我們眼下經歷著重大轉變。我們需要從根本上重新審視自己的智能觀。
We know three things about intelligence: One, it』s diverse. We think about the world in all the ways we experience it. We think visually, we think in sound, we think 12)kinesthetically. We think in abstract terms, we think in movement.
我們知道智能有三大特點：第一，智能具有多元性。我們運用各種體驗方式來認知世界，比如視覺、聽覺、觸覺、抽象化、動態化等等。
Secondly, intelligence is dynamic. The brain isn』t divided into compartments. In fact, creativity, which I define as the process of having original ideas that have value, 13)more often than not comes about through the interaction of different 14)disciplinary ways of seeing things.
第二，智能具有交互性。大腦並不是由相互隔絕的單元組成的。事實上，創造活動往往就誕生於各學科看待事物的不同方式所產生的交互作用，在我看來，創造就是「有價值的原創思想的產生過程」。
And the third thing about intelligence is, it』s distinct. I』m doing a new book at the moment called Epiphany which is based on a series of interviews with people about how they discovered their talent. I』m fascinated by how people got to be there. It』s really 15)prompted by a conversation I had with a wonderful woman who maybe most people have never heard of, Gillian Lynne. She』s a 16)choreographer. She did Cats, and Phantom of the Opera, she』s wonderful. Gillian and I had lunch one day and I said, 「Gillian, how』d you get to be a dancer?」 And she said it was interesting, when she was at school, she was really hopeless. And the school, in the 30s, wrote her parents and said, 「We think Gillian has a 17)learning disorder.」 She couldn』t concentrate, she was 18)fidgeting.
第三，智能具有獨特性。目前我正在寫一本新書，叫做《悟》，是根據一系列人物訪談寫成的，主題圍繞「你是如何發現自己才能的？」。我對人們的自我發現很感興趣。事實上，寫這本書的念頭源自我和一位出色的女士之間的對話，也許這里大部分人沒有聽說過她，她叫吉莉安·林恩，是一名舞蹈指導，曾經給歌舞劇《貓》、《歌劇魅影》編排舞蹈，非常棒的一位女士！有一天我和吉莉安一起吃午餐，我問她：「吉莉安，你當初是怎麼走上跳舞這條路的？」她告訴我，其中的故事還蠻有趣的。當年她在學校時，大家都說她沒得救了。那還是在上世紀三十年代，學校寫信給她父母說「我們認為吉莉安有學習障礙」。那時候的她無法集中注意力，總是坐立不安。
Anyway, she went to see a 19)specialist in an oak-paneled room with her mother and she sat on her hands for 20 minutes while this man talked to her mother about all the problems Gillian was having at school. In the end, the doctor went and sat next to Gillian and said, 「Gillian I』ve listened to all these things that your mother』s told me, and I need to speak to her privately. Wait here, we』ll be back, we won』t be very long,」 and they went and left her.
後來她媽媽就帶著她去看專科。那是一間鋪著橡木地板的診室。吉莉安把雙手壓在屁股下，耐住性子坐了20分鍾，這段時間里醫生和她媽媽談論了她在學校里出現的種種問題。最後，醫生走過來坐在吉莉安身邊對她說：「吉莉安，你媽媽和我講了你的所有事情，現在我要和她私下談談。在這兒等著，我們很快就回來。」於是他們就留下她出去了。
But as they went out the room, he turned on the radio that was sitting on his desk, and when they got out the room, he said to her mother, 「Just stand and watch her.」 And the minute they left the room, she said, she was on her feet, moving to the music. And they watched for a few minutes and he turned to her mother and said, 「Mrs. Lynne, Gillian isn』t sick; she』s a dancer. Take her to a dance school.」 Somebody else might have put her on medication and told her to calm down.
就在他們離開房間的時候，醫生擰開了他桌上的收音機。走出房間後，醫生對吉莉安的媽媽說道：「就在這兒觀察一下她」。吉莉安說，他們剛離開房間她就站了起來，隨著音樂移動步子。在外面觀察了幾分鍾後，那位醫生轉向她媽媽說道：「林恩夫人，吉莉安並沒有生病，她是個天生的舞蹈家。送她去舞蹈學校吧。」（感謝當年那位醫生，）換了別人或許會對吉莉安進行葯物治療，並告訴她要平靜下來。
I believe our only hope for the future is to adopt a new conception of human ecology, one in which we start to reconstitute our conception of the richness of human capacity. Our ecation system has mined our minds in the way that we 20)strip-mine the earth, for a particular commodity, and for the future, it won』t serve us.
我認為我們未來唯一的希望在於創設一種新的人文生態構想，唯有在此構想上才可重新認識到人類能力之豐富。如同獲得商品的慾望驅使人類掠采礦物資源，現行的教育體制也正以此道壓榨著我們的智力，而這種壓榨並不能造福人類社會。
We have to rethink the fundamental principles on which we』re ecating our children. And our task is to ecate their whole being, so they can face this future—by the way, we may not see this future, but they will. And our job is to help them make something of it.
我們必須重新思考我們教育孩子的基本原則。我們的任務是教育所有的孩子，以便他們能夠面對未來——順便提一下，這個未來或許我們是看不見了，但是他們可以，我們的工作就是幫助他們戰勝未來的挑戰。
Ⅱ 鄒奇奇ted演講稿英文的，加中文翻譯
http://www.ted.com/talks/lang/chi_hant/adora_svitak.html
英語字幕，可以轉換。
首先我要問大家一個問題： 上一回別人說你幼稚是什麼時候？ 像我這樣的小孩， 可能經常會被人說成是幼稚。 每一次我們提出不合理的要求， 做出不負責任的行為， 或者展現出有別於 普通美國公民的慣常行為之時， 我們就被說成是幼稚。 這讓我很不服氣。 首先，讓我們來回顧下這些事件： 帝國主義和殖民主義， 世界大戰，小布希。 請你們捫心自問下：這些該歸咎於誰？是大人。
而小孩呢，做了些什麼？ 安妮·弗蘭克(Anne Frank)對大屠殺強有力的敘述 打動了數百萬人的心。 魯比·布里奇斯為美國種族隔離的終結作出了貢獻。 另外，最近還有一個例子， 查理·辛普森（Charlie Simpson）騎自行車 為海地募得 12萬英鎊。 所以，這些例子證明了 年齡與行為完全沒有關系。 "幼稚"這個詞所對應的特點 是常常可以從大人身上看到， 由此我們在批評 不負責和非理性的相關行為時， 應停止使用這個年齡歧視的詞。
（掌聲）
謝謝！
話說回來，誰能說 我們這個世界不正是需要 某些類型的非理性思維嗎？ 也許你以前有過宏大的計劃， 但卻半途而廢，心想： 這個不可能，或代價太高 或這對我不利。 不管是好是壞，我們小孩子 在思考不做某事的理由時，不太受這些考量的影響。 小孩可能會有滿腦子的奇思妙想 和積極的想法， 例如我希望沒有人挨餓 或者所有東西都是免費的，有點像烏托邦的理念。 你們當中有多少人還會有這樣的夢想 並相信其可能性？ 有時候對歷史 及對烏托邦的了解， 可能是一種負擔， 因為你知道假如所有東西都是免費的， 食物儲備會被清空， 而缺失將會導致混亂。 另一方面， 我們小孩還對完美抱有希望。 這是件好事，因為 要將任何事情變為現實， 你首先得心懷夢想。
在很多方面，我們的大膽想像 拓寬了可能性的疆界。 例如，華盛頓州塔可馬市的玻璃博物館， 我的家鄉華盛頓州——你好！ （掌聲） 這個博物館里有一個項目叫「兒童玻璃設計」， 小孩們自由創作自己的玻璃作品。 後來，駐館藝術家說 他們所有的一些極佳靈感就來自這個項目， 因為小孩不去理會 吹出不同形狀玻璃的難度限制 他們只是構思好的點子。 當說到玻璃的時候，你們可能 想到的是奇胡利(Chihuly)色彩豐富的玻璃設計 或義大利花瓶， 但小孩子敢於挑戰玻璃藝術家，並超越他們 進入心碎蛇 和火腿男孩的領地——看到了嗎，火腿男孩有「肉視力」哦 （笑聲）
我們先天的智慧 堪比內行人的知識。 小孩已經從大人身上學到許多， 而我們也有很多東西可以和大人共享。 我認為大人應該開始向小孩學習。 聽我演講的觀眾大都是教育圈子裡的， 這其中有老師和學生。我喜歡這個類比。 不應該只是老師站在教室講台上 告訴學生做這個做那個。 學生亦應教育他們的老師。 成人和兒童之間 應該互相學習。 不幸的是，於現實里，情況是截然不同的。 這跟信任的關系很大，或者說是缺乏信任的結果。
如果你不信任某人，你就給他們設限，對吧。 如果我懷疑我姐姐沒有能力 償還我給她的上一筆貸款的 百分之十的利息時， 我將要限制她再向我借錢， 直到她還清借款為止。（笑聲） 順便提一下，這是個真實的例子。 大人呢，似乎普遍地 對小孩持限制性的態度， 從學校手冊里的 「不能做這個」、「不能做那個」 到學校互聯網使用的各種限制性規定。 歷史告訴我們，當政體害怕統治失控時， 它就會變得暴虐。 雖然大人可能不會 像獨裁政權一樣心狠手辣， 但小孩在制定規則方面是幾乎沒有話語權的。 而正確的態度應該是兩者相互尊重的， 也就是說成人群體應該了解 並認真對待年幼群體的 願望。
然而比限制更糟糕的是， 大人常常低估小孩的能力。 我們喜歡挑戰，但假如大人對我們期望很低的話， 說真的，我們就會不思進取。 我自己的父母對我和姐姐 抱很高的期望。 當然，他們沒有讓我們立志成為醫生 或律師諸如此類的， 但我爸經常讀 關於亞里斯多德 和先鋒細菌鬥士的故事給我們聽， 而其他小孩大多聽的是 《公車的輪子轉呀轉》。 其實我們也有聽這個，但《先鋒細菌鬥士》實在是比那個強多了。 （笑聲）
四歲的時候我就喜歡上寫作， 六歲的時候， 我媽給我買了台裝有微軟Word軟體的個人手提電腦。 謝謝你比爾·蓋茨！也謝謝你，媽咪！ 我用那個小手提電腦 寫了300多篇短篇故事， 而且我想發表我的作品。 一個小孩想發表作品 這簡直是天方夜譚，但我父母沒有嘲笑我， 也沒有說等你長大點兒再說， 他們非常支持我。 但是很多出版社的回應讓人失望。 頗具諷刺意味的是，一個很大的兒童出版社說， 他們不跟兒童打交道。 兒童出版社不跟兒童打交道？ 怎麼說呢，你這是在怠慢一個大客戶嘛。 （笑聲） 有一個出版商，行動出版社 願意給我一個機會， 並傾聽我想說的話。 他們出版了我的第一本書《飛舞的手指》——就是這個—— 那以後，我到數百個學校去演講， 給數千個老師作主題演講， 最後，在今天，給你們作演講。
我感謝你們今天聽我演講， 因為你們會傾聽我， 這證明你們真的在乎。 但小孩比大人強得多的這幅樂觀圖景 是存在一個問題的。 小孩會長大並變成像你們一樣的大人。 （笑聲） 跟你們一樣，真的嗎？ 我們的目標不是讓小孩變成你們這樣的大人， 而是比你們強的大人。 考慮到你們都這么了不起， 這可能頗具挑戰性。 但進步 是因新的一代人和新的時期而發生， 不斷的進步和發展，並超越之前的年代。 這就是為什麼我們不再處於黑暗時代。 不管在生活中你的位置在哪裡， 你必須給孩子創造機會。 這樣他們才能成長並讓你揚眉吐氣。 （笑聲）
大人和TED觀眾們， 你們需要傾聽並向小孩學習， 信任我們和對我們懷有更高的期望。 今天你們需要聆聽， 因為我們是明天的領導， 這意味著當你們年老體衰時， 我們會照顧你們。哈，只是開玩笑了。 確實，我們將成為推動世界前進 的下一代人。 而且，假如你認為這對你沒有意義的話， 不要忘了克隆是可能的， 而這意味著童年可以重來， 這種情況下，像我們這一代人一樣， 你也會希望大人傾聽你們的心聲。 世界需要產生新的領導人 和新想法的機會。 小孩需要機會去領導和取得成功。 你准備好去促成這一切了嗎？ 因為這個世界的問題， 不應該是人類家庭的傳家寶。
謝謝你們！ （掌聲） 謝謝！謝謝！
Now, I want to start with a question: When was the last time you were called childish? For kids like me, being called childish can be a frequent occurrence. Every time we make irrational demands, exhibit irresponsible behavior, or display any other signs of being normal American citizens, we are called childish, which really bothers me. After all, take a look at these events: Imperialism and colonization, world wars, George W. Bush. Ask yourself: Who's responsible? Alts.
Now, what have kids done? Well, Anne Frank touched millions with her powerful account of the Holocaust, Ruby Bridges helped end segregation in the United States, and, most recently, Charlie Simpson helped to raise 120,000 pounds for Haiti on his little bike. So, as you can see evidenced by such examples, age has absolutely nothing to do with it. The traits the word childish addresses are seen so often in alts that we should abolish this age-discriminatory word when it comes to criticizing behavior associated with irresponsibility and irrational thinking.
(Applause)
Thank you.
Then again, who's to say that certain types of irrational thinking aren't exactly what the world needs? Maybe you've had grand plans before, but stopped yourself, thinking: That's impossible or that costs too much or that won't benefit me. For better or worse, we kids aren't hampered as much when it comes to thinking about reasons why not to do things. Kids can be full of inspiring aspirations and hopeful thinking, like my wish that no one went hungry or that everything were free kind of utopia. How many of you still dream like that and believe in the possibilities? Sometimes a knowledge of history and the past failures of utopian ideals can be a burden because you know that if everything were free, that the food stocks would become depleted, and scarce and lead to chaos. On the other hand, we kids still dream about perfection. And that's a good thing because in order to make anything a reality, you have to dream about it first.
In many ways, our audacity to imagine helps push the boundaries of possibility. For instance, the Museum of Glass in Tacoma, Washington, my home state -- yoohoo Washington -- (Applause) has a program called Kids Design Glass, and kids draw their own ideas for glass art. Now, the resident artist said they got some of their best ideas through the program because kids don't think about the limitations of how hard it can be to blow glass into certain shapes. They just think of good ideas. Now, when you think of glass, you might think of colorful Chihuly designs or maybe Italian vases, but kids challenge glass artists to go beyond that into the realm of broken-hearted snakes and bacon boys, who you can see has meat vision. (Laughter)
Now, our inherent wisdom doesn't have to be insiders' knowledge. Kids already do a lot of learning from alts, and we have a lot to share. I think that alts should start learning from kids. Now, I do most of my speaking in front of an ecation crowd, teachers and students, and I like this analogy. It shouldn't just be a teacher at the head of the classroom telling students do this, do that. The students should teach their teachers. Learning between grown ups and kids should be reciprocal. The reality, unfortunately, is a little different, and it has a lot to do with trust, or a lack of it.
Now, if you don't trust someone, you place restrictions on them, right. If I doubt my older sister's ability to pay back the 10 percent interest I established on her last loan, I'm going to withhold her ability to get more money from me until she pays it back. (Laughter) True story, by the way. Now, alts seem to have a prevalently restrictive attitude towards kids from every "don't do that," "don't do this" in the school handbook, to restrictions on school internet use. As history points out, regimes become oppressive when they're fearful about keeping control. And, although alts may not be quite at the level of totalitarian regimes, kids have no, or very little, say in making the rules, when really the attitude should be reciprocal, meaning that the alt population should learn and take into account the wishes of the younger population.
Now, what's even worse than restriction is that alts often underestimate kids abilities. We love challenges, but when expectations are low, trust me, we will sink to them. My own parents had anything but low expectations for me and my sister. Okay, so they didn't tell us to become doctors or lawyers or anything like that, but my dad did read to us about Aristotle and pioneer germ fighters when lots of other kids were hearing "The Wheels on the Bus Go Round and Round." Well, we heard that one too, but "Pioneer Germ Fighters" totally rules. (Laughter)
I loved to write from the age of four, and when I was six my mom bought me my own laptop equipped with Microsoft Word. Thank you Bill Gates and thank you Ma. I wrote over 300 short stories on that little laptop, and I wanted to get published. Instead of just scoffing at this heresy that a kid wanted to get published, or saying wait until you're older, my parents were really supportive. Many publishers were not quite so encouraging. One large children's publisher ironically saying that they didn't work with children. Children's publisher not working with children? I don't know, you're kind of alienating a large client there. (Laughter) Now, one publisher, Action Publishing, was willing to take that leap and trust me, and to listen to what I had to say. They published my first book, "Flying Fingers," -- you see it here -- and from there on, it's gone to speaking at hundreds of schools, keynoting to thousands of ecators, and finally, today, speaking to you.
I appreciate your attention today, because to show that you truly care, you listen. But there's a problem with this rosy picture of kids being so much better than alts. Kids grow up and become alts just like you. (Laughter) Or just like you, really? The goal is not to turn kids into your kind of alt, but rather better alts than you have been, which may be a little challenging considering your guys credentials, but the way progress happens is because new generations and new eras grow and develop and become better than the previous ones. It's the reason we're not in the Dark Ages anymore. No matter your position of place in life, it is imperative to create opportunities for children so that we can grow up to blow you away. (Laughter)
Alts and fellow TEDsters, you need to listen and learn from kids and trust us and expect more from us. You must lend an ear today, because we are the leaders of tomorrow, which means we're going to be taking care of you when you're old and senile. No, just kidding. No, really, we are going to be the next generation, the ones who will bring this world forward. And, in case you don't think that this really has meaning for you, remember that cloning is possible, and that involves going through childhood again, in which case, you'll want to be heard just like my generation. Now, the world needs opportunities for new leaders and new ideas. Kids need opportunities to lead and succeed. Are you ready to make the match? Because the world's problems shouldn't be the human family's heirloom.
Thank you. (Applause) Thank you. Thank you.
Ⅲ 有沒有ted演講視頻的演講稿
第一步：點擊你要觀看的視頻，轉換為播放頁面。
第二步：視頻播放器下方點擊downloand按鈕，彈出對話框。
第三步：選擇你想要的視頻清晰度，右鍵「目標另存為」或者使用軟體進行。
Ⅳ ted演講學校 扼殺創造力 的笑點
為什麼節食不能減肥：大腦在調控你的體重 作為一名神經科學家，我很疑惑，為什麼這如此困難？很顯然，你的重量決定於你吃了多少和你消耗了多少能量。但絕大部分人沒有意識到的是，飢餓和消耗是由大腦掌控的。大多數情況下你甚至不會意識到你的大腦在後台做了很多事。 這很好，因為你的意識很容易被分散——當你專注於電影的時候，你不需要記得呼吸亦可暢快地呼吸；你不會因為思考晚餐吃什麼而忘記如何行走。你的大腦對於你的體重有著自己的一套想法，無論你有意識地在想些什麼。這被叫做你的設定值，但那是個誤導人的術語，因為事實上它是一個范圍，大約在10到15磅內浮動。你可以通過選擇生活方式來改變你的體重，在這個范圍內上下浮動。但是如果要超出這個范圍將是非常非常困難的。 大腦的一個部分叫下丘腦，它調節著你的體重。 你的大腦有十多種化學會告訴你的身體去增加體重，還有另外十多種會告訴你的身體去減重。這系統的工作原理就像恆溫器，對身體接收到的做出反應，通過調節飢餓感，活動，新陳代謝。根據條件的變化，維持你的體重。這就是恆溫器的作用，對吧？恆溫器會根據屋外部天氣的變化不斷調節，從而保持室內的溫度恆定。現在你可以通過在冬季打開一扇窗來調節室內的溫度，但這個動作並不會改變恆溫器的設置——恆溫器對此的反應是打開火爐，把屋內的溫度調節回溫暖的狀態。 你的大腦就是這樣工作的，當你體重減輕的時候，它會用有效地工具讓你的體重回歸，回歸到它認為正常的狀態。如果你減重過多，你大腦的反應就是你快餓死了。無論你最初是胖還是瘦，大腦的反應都是一模一樣的。我們非常希望我們的大腦可以感知我們是否需要減重，但它不能。如果你真的減去了很多體重，你會感到很餓，你的肌肉會消耗更少的能量。 哥倫比亞大學的魯迪利貝爾博士發現那些減去體重10%的人們，消耗的熱量比未減重之前少到卡路里，因為他們的新陳代謝被抑制了。這些（熱量）等於相當多的食物中所含的熱量。 這意味著一個成功的節食者必須比和他相同體重的人少吃這么多食物，因為那個人一直都這么瘦。 在人類歷史進程中，飢餓一直是比吃撐更大的問題。這說明了一個非常可悲的事實——設定值可以增加，但幾乎不會減少。節食成功並不會降低設定值。如果減重是由長時間飢餓造成的，即便是你已經減輕體重長達七年之久，你的大腦一直會讓你把減掉的體重增回來。這是合情合理的反應。在充斥著得來速漢堡的現代世界，這種反應並不適用於大多數人。過去我們祖先的生活和現代人富足的生活的差異是渥太華大學的約尼博士想讓他的一些病人回到食物不充足年代的原因。這也是為什麼改變飲食環境將成為解決肥胖問題最有效的方法。不幸的是，短暫的增重可變為永久的增重。如果你長時間處於超重狀態，對於我們大多數人來說可能是若干年，你的大腦就會覺得這是新的正常狀態。 節食者更易超重 心理學家把「吃貨」分成兩類：一類人靠本能的飢餓反應去吃，另一類人則是用意志去控制飲食，就像大多數節食者一樣。我們稱他們為本能型食者和自控型食者。有趣的是本型能食者很少會超重，並且他們會花較少的時間思考吃什麼東西。自控型食者則更容易受到、超大分量和自助餐的影響，而造成飲食過量。一個小小的放縱，比如一勺冰激凌，更有可能在自控型食者中導致暴飲暴食的結果。在這種節食和暴飲暴食的循環下，孩子們特別容易受到傷害。一些研究表明，在青少年初期節食的女孩在五年之後超重的可能性是未節食者的三倍。所有這些研究發現，預示體重增加的因素，也預示著飲食失調的產生。順便說一下，請家長們注意了：另一個增重的因素是「因體重而被家庭成員取笑」，所以別那樣做。