❶ 有关网络的英文论文
你到书店去找吧？应该会有的。不过好像中文的比较多一些吧？国外的就不是非常清楚了，外文书店去看看吧。
❷ 英文论文在国外平台上怎么发表
比 如 S c i e n c e P u b l i s h i n g G r o u p 这 个 平 台 ， 作 者 在 这 个 平 台 出 版 书 刊 以 后 ， 可 以 免 费 阅 读 和 下 载 这 个 平 台 的 英 文 文 献 和 资 料 ， 同 时 也 可 以 转 载 或 者 分 享 自 己 的 作 品 到 自 己 的 社 交 平 台 等 。 总 之 ， 在 这 个 互 联 网 时 代 ， 选 择 电 子 出 版 ， 比 选 择 传 统 的 出 版 ， 多 了 一 些 便 利 、 快 捷 ， 同 时 也 最 大 限 度 的 分 享 知 识 。 若 可 能 ， 你 的 文 章 或 者 其 他 作 品 ， 会 分 享 给 世 界 各 地 有 需 求 的 人 ， 并 且 长 久 的 保 存 下 来 。
❸ 大专英语专业，毕业论文要求写英汉翻译、英语语法、英语教学等英语方面及国际贸易方面的论文
看你自己的兴趣是什么了
先在可以写的范围里找你感兴趣的，然后再在感兴趣的范围里找可以写的（有相关文献的，已经有先前研究过的，这样会比较容易找到理论支持），然后再进一步地缩小范围确定题目。
关键是不要太泛太大的题目，写不透的，不如找一个比较小比较准的切入点。
语言学不好写，纯翻译理论也不好写。如果是翻译类的话，建议写翻译里的文化比较或在某个专业领域的翻译
❹ 一篇有关TCP/IP局域网的英文论文
（第一篇）这篇简单介绍了TCP/IP协议。 可供参考。
What is TCP/IP? TCP/IP (Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol) is the basic communication language or protocol of the Internet. It can also be used as a communications protocol in a private network (either an intranet or an extranet). When you are set up with direct access to the Internet, your computer is provided with a of the TCP/IP program just as every other computer that you may send messages to or get information from also has a of TCP/IP.
TCP/IP is a two-layer program. The higher layer, Transmission Control Protocol, manages the assembling of a message or file into smaller packets that are transmitted over the Internet and received by a TCP layer that reassembles the packets into the original message. The lower layer, Internet Protocol, handles the address part of each packet so that it gets to the right destination. Each gateway computer on the network checks this address to see where to forward the message. Even though some packets from the same message are routed differently than others, they'll be reassembled at the destination.
TCP/IP uses the client/server model of communication in which a computer user (a client) requests and is provided a service (such as sending a Web page) by another computer (a server) in the network. TCP/IP communication is primarily point-to-point, meaning each communication is from one point (or host computer) in the network to another point or host computer. TCP/IP and the higher-level applications that use it are collectively said to be "stateless" because each client request is considered a new request unrelated to any previous one (unlike ordinary phone conversations that require a dedicated connection for the call ration). Being stateless frees network paths so that everyone can use them continuously. (Note that the TCP layer itself is not stateless as far as any one message is concerned. Its connection remains in place until all packets in a message have been received.)
Many Internet users are familiar with the even higher layer application protocols that use TCP/IP to get to the Internet. These include the World Wide Web's Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP), the File Transfer Protocol (FTP), Telnet (Telnet) which lets you logon to remote computers, and the Simple Mail Transfer Protocol (SMTP). These and other protocols are often packaged together with TCP/IP as a "suite."
Personal computer users with an analog phone modem connection to the Internet usually get to the Internet through the Serial Line Internet Protocol (SLIP) or the Point-to-Point Protocol (PPP). These protocols encapsulate the IP packets so that they can be sent over the dial-up phone connection to an access provider's modem.
Protocols related to TCP/IP include the User Datagram Protocol (UDP), which is used instead of TCP for special purposes. Other protocols are used by network host computers for exchanging router information. These include the Internet Control Message Protocol (ICMP), the Interior Gateway Protocol (IGP), the Exterior Gateway Protocol (EGP), and the Border Gateway Protocol (BGP).
（第二篇）这篇介绍了TCP/IP的发展。
Development of TCP/IP
The original research was performed in the late 1960s and early 1970s by the Advanced Research Projects Agency (ARPA), which is the research arm of the US Department of Defense (DOD). The DOD wanted to build a network to connect a number of military sites. The key requirements for the network were as follows:
* It must continue to function ring nuclear war (development took place ring the 'cold war'). The 7/8th rule required that the network should continue to function even when 7/8th of the network was not operational
* It must be completely decentralized with no key central installation that could be destroyed and bring down the whole network
* It must be fully rendant and able to continue communication between A and B even though intermediate sites and links might stop functioning ring the conversation
* The architecture must be flexible as the envisaged range of applications for the network was wide (anything from file transfer to time-sensitive data such as voice)
ARPA hired a firm called BBN to design the network. The prototype was a research network called ARPANET (first operational in 1972). This connected four university sites using a system described as a packet switching network.
Prior to this development, any two computers wanting to communicate had to open a direct channel (known as a circuit) and information was then sent. If this circuit were broken, the computers would stop communicating immediately, which the DOD specifically wanted to avoid.
One computer could forward information to another by using packet-switching, so it superseded circuit-switched networks. To ensure information reached the correct destination, each packet was addressed with a source and destination and the packet was then transferred using any available pathway to the destination computer.
It was divided into small chunks or packets (originally 1008 bits). Sending large chunks of information has always presented problems, often because the full message fails to reach its destination at the first attempt, and the whole message then has to be resent. The facilities within the new protocol to divide large messages into numerous small packets meant that a single packet could be resent if it was lost or damaged ring transmission, rather than the whole message.
The new network was decentralized with no one computer controlling its operation where the packet switching protocol controlled most of the network operations.
TCP/IP is a very robust protocol and can automatically recover from any communication link failures. It re-routes data packets if transmission lines are damaged or if a computer fails to respond, utilizing any available network path. The figure below shows an example of an Internet system. A packet being sent from Network A to Network F may be sent via Network D (the quickest route). If this route becomes unavailable, the packet is routed using an alternate route (for example, A B C E F).
Once ARPANET was proven, the DOD built MILNET (Military Installation in US) and MINET (Military Installation in Europe). To encourage the wide adoption of TCP/IP, BBN and the University of California at Berkeley were funded by the US Government to implement the protocol in the Berkeley version of Unix. UNIX was given freely to US universities and colleges, allowing them to network their computers. Researchers at Berkeley developed a program interface to the network protocol called sockets and wrote many applications using this interface.
During the early 1980s, the National Science Foundation (NSF) used Berkeley TCP/IP to create the Computer Science Network (CSNET) to link US universities. They saw the benefit of sharing information between universities and ARPANET provided the infrastructure. Meanwhile, in 1974 a successor to ARPANET was developed named NSFNET. This was based on a backbone of six supercomputers into which many regional networks were allowed to connect.
The first stage in the commercial development of the Internet occurred in 1990 when a group of telecommunications and computer companies formed a non-profit making organization called Advanced Networks and Services (ANS). This organization took over NSFNET and allowed commercial organizations to connect to the system. The commercial Internet grew from these networks.
上述两篇都可供参考。
一、TCP/IP协议簇简介
TCP/IP（传输控制协议/网间协议）是一种网络通信协议，它规范了网络上的所有通信设备，尤其是一个主机与另一个主机之间的数据往来格式以及传送方式。TCP/IP是 INTERNET的基础协议，也是一种电脑数据打包和寻址的标准方法。在数据传送中，可以形象地理解为有两个信封，TCP和IP就像是信封，要传递的信息被划分成若干段，每一段塞入一个TCP信封，并在该信封面上记录有分段号的信息，再将TCP信封塞入IP大信封，发送上网。在接受端，一个TCP软件包收集信封，抽出数据，按发送前的顺序还原，并加以校验，若发现差错，TCP将会要求重发。因此，TCP/IP在INTERNET中几乎可以无差错地传送数据。在任何一个物理网络中,各站点都有一个机器可识别的地址,该地址叫做物理地址.物理地址有两个
特点:
（1）物理地址的长度,格式等是物理网络技术的一部分,物理网络不同,物理地址也不同.
（2）同一类型不同网络上的站点可能拥有相同的物理地址.
以上两点决定了,不能用物理网络进行网间网通讯.
在网络术语中，协议中，协议是为了在两台计算机之间交换数据而预先规定的标准。TCP/IP并不是一个而是许多协议，这就是为什么你经常听到它代表一个协议集的原因，而TCP和IP只是其中两个基本协议而已。
你装在计算机-的TCP/IP软件提供了一个包括TCP、IP以及TCP/IP协议集中其它协议的工具平台。特别是它包括一些高层次的应用程序和FTP(文件传输协议)，它允许用户在命令行上进行网络文件传输。
TCP/IP 是美国政府资助的高级研究计划署(ARPA)在二十世纪七十年代的一个研究成果，用来使全球的研究网络联在一起形成一个虚拟网络，也就是国际互联网。原始的Internet通过将已有的网络如ARPAnet转换到TCP/IP上来而形成，而这个Internet最终成为如今的国际互联网的骨干网。
如今TCP/IP如此重要的原因，在于它允许独立的网格加入到Internet或组织在一起形成私有的内部网（Intranet）。构成内部网的每个网络通过一种-做路由器或IP路由器的设备在物理上联接在一起。路由器是一台用来从一个网络到另一个网络传输数据包的计算机。在一个使用TCP/IP的内部网中，信息通过使用一种独立的叫做IP包（IPpacket）或IP数据报(IP datagrams)的数据单元进--传输。TCP/IP软件使得每台联到网络上的计算机同其它计算机“看”起来一模一样，事实上它隐藏了路由器和基本的网络体系结构并使其各方面看起来都像一个大网。如同联入以太网时需要确认一个48位的以太网地址一样，联入一个内部网也需要确认一个32位的IP地址。我们将它用带点的十进制数表示，如128.10.2.3。给定一个远程计算机的IP地址，在某个内部网或Internet上的本地计算机就可以像处在同一个物理网络中的两台计算机那样向远程计算机发送数据。
TCP/IP 提供了一个方案用来解决属于同一个内部网而分属不同物理网的两台计算机之间怎样交换数据的问题。这个方案包括许多部分，而TCP/IP协议集的每个成员则用来解决问题的某一部分。如TCP/IP协议集中最基本的协议-IP协议用来在内部网中交换数据并且执行一项重要的功能：路由选择－－选择数据报从A主机到B主机将要经过的路径以及利用合适的路由器完成不同网络之间的跨越（hop）。
TCP 是一个更高层次的它允许运行在在不同主机上的应用程序相互交换数据流。TCP将数据流分成小段叫做TCP数据段（TCP segments），并利用IP协议进行传输。在大多数情况下，每个TCP数据段装在一个IP数据报中进行发送。但如需要的话，TCP将把数据段分成多个数据报，而IP数据报则与同一网络不同主机间传输位流和字节流的物理数据帧相容。由于IP并不能保证接收的数据报的顺序相一致，TCP会在收信端装配 TCP数据段并形成一个不间断的数据流。FTP和Telnet就是两个非常流行的依靠TCP的TCP/IP应用程序。
另一个重要的TCP/IP协议集的成员是用户数据报协议(UDP)，它同TCP相似但比TCP原始许多。TCP是一个可靠的协议，因为它有错误检查和握手确认来保证数据完整的到达目的地。UDP是一个“不可靠”的协议，因为它不能保证数据报的接收顺序同发送顺序相同，甚至不能保证它们是否全部到达。如果有可靠性要求，则应用程序避免使用它。同许多TCP/IP工具同时提供的SNMP(简单网络管理协议)就是一个使用UDP协议的应用例子。
其它TCP/IP协议在TCP/IP网络中工作在幕后，但同样也发挥着重要作用。例如地址转换协议(ARP)将IP地址转换为物理网络地址如以太网地址。而与其对应的反向地址转换协议(RARP)做相反的工作，即将物理网络地址转换为IP地址。网际控制报文协议(ICMP)则是一个支持性协议，它利用IP完成IP数据报在传输时的控制信息和错误信息的传输。例如，如果一个路由器不能向前发送一个IP数据报，它就会利用ICMP来告诉发送者这里出现了问题。
这个不是原版翻译，不过相差不多。
-0-。你先要的是英文版啊~ 囧~ 要不你再发个帖，找人翻译下。
❺ 急求服务外包论文英文文献！！！英文8000字左右，有翻译更好。急求！
给你几个国外大学的图书馆免费帐号吧。
Western Virginia university
http://www.libproxy.wvu.e/login
wdorsett//056307
还有其它的，可以到这个网络博客看看，http://hi..com/pxpsd/blog/item/f11407de357a455295ee3726.html
❻ 关于网络教育的英文论文（最好有中文翻译）
外文文献及翻译
一、英文文献
Distance ecation as a new possibility for librarians in Estonia
Distance ecation in Estonia
Distance higher ecation in Europe is at the beginning of the third phase in its evolution (Bang 1995) and distance learning, flexible learning, resource-based learning, open learning and computer-mediated learning are becoming commonplace in the progressive ecator's vocabulary. Still, there is no widespread familiarity with the concept of modern distance ecation in Estonia. Distance ecation is associated by most people with the kind of correspondence ecation that was offered under the old regime and is often also associated with its most evident manifestation, i.e. technology. It is therefore important to convey an understanding of modern distance ecation to the Estonian ecational systems (Distance 1993).
At their meeting January 29, in 1993, the Nordic Council of Ministers made a ruling to support the Action Programme for the Baltic countries and neighbouring areas. In this Action Programme provisions were also made for ecational projects in distance ecation. On this basis, the Council accepted an application from the President of the European Distance Ecation Network (EDEN) on behalf of the national associations of distance ecation in Finland, Norway, and Sweden to perform a feasibility study in the Baltic countries. The aims of the feasibility study were to:
• assess the state of art of distance ecation in the three Baltic states, as well as to
• identify the needs that exist for further development of distance ecation in the region (Distance..., 1993).
In March 1993 the Central and Eastern European countries proposed, in the framework of the working group on regional initiatives in human resources, to establish a Regional Distance Ecation Network in co-operation with PHARE. As a first step a feasibility study on the development of such a Regional Distance Ecation Network in Central and Eastern Europe was commissioned and the European Association of Distance Teaching Universities (EADTU) was contracted to carry out this study with the Ministry of Culture and Ecation of Hungary as co-ordinator. Feasibility studies on the development of modern distance ecation were carried out in 1993 by groups of experts engaged by the Nordic Council of Ministers and PHARE.
In October 1993, at a seminar in Budapest for the official representatives of all eleven PHARE countries, it was agreed unanimously that a Regional Distance Ecation Network should be set up with a long-term perspective. Following the feasibility study, a financing proposal was agreed in 1994 for a three million ECU pilot project called PHARE Pilot Project for Multi-Country Co-operation in Distance Ecation.
The pilot project aimed:
• to act as a catalyst for national policy formulation in the field of distance ecation through measures for awareness raising, staff development, the presentation of existing models and mechanisms of distance ecation;
• to establish a network of National Contact Points in the participating countries and to develop the necessary infrastructure in all countries to allow them to co-operate on an equal basis;
• to develop on an experimental basis two pilot courses (European Studies and Training of Distance Trainers), thereby testing the feasibility of joint development by the participating countries of core course moles which can then be adapted to national requirements and context;
• on the basis of the above items, to define areas of common interests in which regional co-operation can proce an important added value, in terms of enhanced quality of outputs, speed of development and/or economies of scale (Benders, 1996).
The Estonian National Contact Point was established on 7th November,1994 and Regional Centres were set up at the Tallinn Pedagogical University, the Tartu University and the Tallinn Technical University in the framework of PHARE Programme for Multi-Country Co-operation in Distance Ecation. On August 22nd 1996 the international seminar "Modern Training and University Ecation" was arranged at the Tallinn Pedagogical University to discuss what has happened in the field of distance ecation in Estonia. At this Seminar the main obstacles to delivering distance ecation widely in Estonia were pointed out:
• lack of appropriate literature and printed materials;
• lack of modern knowledge;
• old-fashioned academic staff and subject-oriented teaching;
• lack of ideology and/or policy at the strategy level about distance ecation;
• few active learners (Jõgi 1996).
Still, it was mentioned that the rapid development of a national telecommunication network provides a possibility to make use of the most recent information technology in the field of distance ecation. Connecting the libraries, information centres, universities and schools to the Internet gives good opportunity to disseminate distance ecation all over Estonia.
Distance learning pilot project for school librarians
The distance ecation pilot project for school librarians is the first project in the Centre adopting flexible learning methods. Steps in the design and development of courses, identification of areas of need, selection of appropriate learning media, etc. began in 1995. The distance ecation pilot project for school librarians started in May 1996 and will end in June 1997.
The Aim of the Project
The aim of the project is to bring quality in service and continuing ecation to school librarians in Estonia. This project also aims to enable participants to become aware of the potential of network possibilities, to gain some basic skills about network information seeking and retrieval, publishing on the Internet via the World Wide Web, public relations and marketing, user ecation, etc. Today, from the computer at home or at workplace, the ecator or learner can access to the vast amount of library catalogues, journal indexes, reference books, full text of journal articles and books, art exhibits, employment notices, discussion groups, business data, etc. The learners in schools need help to convert information into knowledge, to avoid information overload and to identify the best sources for the specific needs and abilities of each learner. We do hope that the school library will play an active part in the ecational process of every school in Estonia and will support the work of teachers and students in showing how to make use of the modern information sources available to them.
The content
The Pilot project consists of four moles. Each mole consists of 40 hours and includes face to face session, self studying, tutorial and group works. An introctory session of 16 hours was given ring the first mole using the traditional face-to-face method and 12 additional hours were offered in order to prepare students for the telematics-based components of the course. Key aspects of distance ecation were covered and terms as distance ecation, flexible learning, resource-based learning and open learning were introced to school librarians. An overview about challenges and school possibilities was also given. Topics covered include basic network concepts, Internet basic tools, network information seeking and retrieval, publishing on the Internet via the World Wide Web, public relation and marketing, user ecation and consulting.
Some of the advantages and difficulties experienced up to the present in using the Internet for ecational delivery have been described below. The complete evaluation of the Pilot Project will follow in June 1997.
sirje virkus Information Research, Vol. 2 No. 4, April 1997
二、中文翻译
远程教育为爱沙尼亚的图书馆员提供了一种新的可能
远程教育在爱沙尼亚
在欧洲，远程高等教育是在其演化的第三阶段开始的。在进步的教育家说来，远距离学习，灵活的学习，基于资源的学习，开放学习和以计算机为媒介的学习变得越来越普遍。但是，在爱沙尼亚，远程教育还不是一个被广泛熟知的概念。远程教育与的大部分在旧体制下被提供的函授教育的人相关联，也往往和它最明显的体现方式——技术相关联。因此，向爱沙尼亚教育系统传达对现代远程教育的理解是十分重要的。
1993年1月29日，在他们的会议上，北欧部长理事会作出裁决，支持对波罗的海国家和邻近地区的行动方案。在这项行动方案中，也为远程教育中教育项目制定了相关条款。在这个基础上，理事会接受了来自欧洲远程教育网络主席代表在芬兰，挪威和瑞典的国家远程教育协会在波罗的海国家进行可行性研究的申请报告。这个可行性研究的目的是：
•估定远程教育在三个波罗的海国家的技术状况
•鉴定在这些地区进一步发展远程教育所需要的条件
1993年3月，中欧和东欧国家建议在该工作组的框架内进行人力资源的区域倡议，以与法尔共同建立一个区域远程教育网络。作为起步，这样一个在中欧和东欧的区域远程教育可行性研究是委任的，远程教育大学欧洲协会与其签订合同，将作为统筹员和匈牙利文化教育部
进行这项研究。关于现代远程教育发展的可行性研究是在1993年由北欧部长理事会和法尔分派的专家小组开始执行的。
1993年10月，在一次布达佩斯的所有11个法尔国家的官方代表研讨会上，与会者一致认为，一个区域的远程教育网络，应该设立一个长远的眼光。紧跟着可行性研究，一项关于300万ECU的叫做法尔多国远程教育合作试点项目的融资方案，于1994年通过。
该试点项目的目的是：
•通过采取措施来提高认识，发展工作人员，介绍现有模型和远程教育的机制，以作为国家在远程教育领域政策制定的催化剂
•在参与国家建立一个网络国家联络点，在所有国家建立、发展必要的基础设施，使他们能在平等的基础上进行合作
•发展在试验基础上的两个试点课程（欧洲远程练习器的研究和培训），以测定参与国家核心课程模块是否可以适应国家的需求和背景，从而共同发展的可行性
•在上述项目的基础上，以界定在哪些合作区域能产生一个局部共同利益的重要附加值，无论从提高产出质量，发展的速度或经济的规模
在法尔远程教育多国合作的项目框架中，爱沙尼亚的国家联络点成立于1994年11月7日，区域中心分别设在塔林的教学大学，塔尔图大学和塔林技术大学。1996年8月22日，国际研讨会“现代化的训练和大学教育”被安排在塔林大学，讨论了爱沙尼亚在远程教育领域发生的情况。在这次研讨会上，指出了爱沙尼亚远程教育广泛传播方面的最大障碍：
•缺乏适当的文学和印刷材料;
•缺乏现代知识;
•老式的学术人员和面向主题的教学;
•缺乏思想和/或缺乏在策略层面上的远程教育政策;
还有人提到，一个国家电信网络的高速发展提供了一种在远程教育领域运用最新近技术的可能性。把图书馆、信息中心、大学和学校连接到互联网上提供了在爱沙尼亚遍及远程教育的一个很好的机会。
远程学习试点项目，为学校图书馆员
远程教育的试点项目在学校图书馆的应用，以采取灵活的学习方法是它的第一个项目。课程设计与开发的步骤，地区需求的鉴定，适当的学习媒体的选择等，在1995年开始。远程教育在学校图书馆的试点项目于1996年5月开始，将于1997年6月结束。
该项目的目的
该项目的目的是为爱沙尼亚的学校图书馆带来优质的服务和持续的教育。其目的还在于使与会者能够意识到网络存在的潜力，获得一些网络信息寻求和检索的基本技巧，通过万维网在互联网上发布信息，公共关系和营销，用户教育等。今天，通过在家里或工作场所的电脑，教育工作者或学习者可以接触到大量的图书馆目录，期刊索引，参考书籍，全文期刊文章和书籍，艺术展览，就业通知书，小组讨论，业务数据等。学员在学校需要帮助，来将信息转化为知识，以避免信息超载，并找出每一个学习者具体需要和能力的最佳来源。我们希望学校图书馆在爱沙尼亚每个学校的教育过程中起到积极的作用，并支持教师和学生在展示如何利用对他们有效的现代信息资源的工作。
内容
试点项目由四个单元组成。每个单元由四十个小时组成，包括面对面的会议，自我学习，补习和小组工作。介绍会议的16个小时是鉴于在第一模块采用传统的面对面的方法，12个附加的小时是为了学生为远程信息处理技术为基础的课程组成部分做准备而提供的。远程教育的关键是向学校图书馆引进灵活的学习，基于资源的学习和开放的学习。有关挑战和学校可能性的观点也被给予。内容包括基本网络概念，互联网的基本工具，网络信息寻求和检索，通过万维网在互联网上发布信息，公共关系和营销，用户教育和咨询。至目前为止，在为教育使用因特网的过程中的一些优势和遇到的困难，提供已详述如下。完整的评价试验项目，将在1997年6月给出。
sirje virkus 信息研究，第二册第四章， 1997年4月
❼ 求论文提交时需要的关于信息管理与信息系统的英文文献加翻译
额，去Emerald数据库上以“information science” 或“ library science”为关键词搜一下，可以找到相关文献。另外，不懂你的翻译是指什么？翻译标题+摘要还是全文啊？
http://www.emeraldinsight.com/
❽ 正在写一篇关于远程教育云服务平台的论文，求一英文文献
给你出个主意 你到淘宝 亚马逊 当当 等这样买书的网站上 搜搜你论文题目相关的书籍 直接关于书籍文献的各种资料都有了
❾ 哪里可以找到有关电子信息类的英语论文
1、到学校的图书馆，找到相关书籍，应该有前言或者介绍，如果有英汉对应的话 就如你所愿了
2、从学校入口进中国学术期刊全文数据库（这样可免费），在里面搜索相关论文，论文后面肯定有英文参考文献，你就按上面提供的名称找吧~~
3、把“基于单片机控制的直流恒流源的设计”翻译成英文，然后在http://scholar.google.com/schhp?hl=en&tab=ws 尽情的找吧
4、求助你的指导老师，他知道你的论文嘛，肯定有这方面的资料的
如果可以的话，晚上我帮你找找~~现在么资源利用~~呵