公共服務的外文參考

❹ 鄉鎮公共服務參考文獻有哪些

1. 韓俊.基本公共服務均等化與新農村建設.紅旗文稿,2007(17)

2. 劉兆征.我國城鄉基本公共專服務均等化問題探討屬.蘭州商學院學報,2008(5)

3. 遲福林,殷仲義.中國農村改革新起點[M].中國經濟出版社,2009
   

❺ 求公共管理英文文獻

New Public Management : Contemporary Western trend of the new public administration

From the start of the 1970s, the West has dominated the field of public administration nearly a century. and was regarded to be effective, even the best traditional or mainstream public administration, subjected to a new external environment increasingly tough challenges, and the almost routine, rigid-tier system can not meet the increasingly rapid changes in information and knowledge-intensive society and economic life, build on its two major theoretical basis -- Goodnow Wilson and the political-administrative theory and the two-layer management Huike no theory Law answered and solved the government faces an increasingly serious problems and difficulties : the financial crisis, the social welfare policy unsustainable, government agencies increasingly bloated, inefficient, the public lost confidence in the government's ability, "government failure" theory has begun to dominate.

正是在這樣的歷史背景下，一種新的公共行政理論、管理模式——新公共管理（NewPublic Management）在80年代的英美兩國應運而生，並迅速擴展到西方各國。It is in this historical backdrop, a new public administration theory, Management -- New Public Management (NewPublic Management) in the 1980s, the Anglo-American two crops, and the rapid expansion of the Western countries. 與以往傳統的公共行政框架內進行的變革不同，新公共管理不是對現存行政管理體制和方式進行某種程度的局部調整，或僅僅是為了降低行政管理的成本，減少行政費用開支，更重要的是，它是對傳統的公共行政模式的一種全面清算和否定。And the number of traditional public administration within the framework of the changes, Public management is not new to the existing administrative structure and ways of some degree of partial adjustment or simply to lower administrative costs and rece administrative expenses, but more importantly, It is the traditional model of public administration of a comprehensive settlement and denied.

一、新公共管理的理論基礎1, the new public management theory

如果說傳統的公共行政以威爾遜、古德諾的政治—行政二分論和韋伯的科層制論為其理論支撐點的話，新公共管理則以現代經濟學和私營企業管理理論和方法作為自己的理論基礎。If the traditional public administration to Wilson. Goodnow political-administrative theory and the two-Weber-tier system on the support of their theory, new public while management of modern economics and private enterprise management theory and methods as its theoretical basis. 首先，新公共管理從現代經濟學中獲得諸多理論依據，如從「理性人」（人的理性都是為自己的利益，都希望以最小的付出獲得最大利益）的假定中獲得績效管理的依據；從公共選擇和交易成本理論中獲得政府應以市場或顧客為導向，提高服務效率、質量和有效性的依據；從成本—效益分析中獲得對政府績效目標進行界定、測量和評估的依據等等。First, the new public management from modern economics has many theoretical basis, From the "rational" (the rational is for their own interests. want to pay the smallest gain maximum benefits) of the premise is the basis for performance management; from the public choice theory and transaction cost which the government should be market-oriented or customers, improve the efficiency of services, the quality and effectiveness of the basis; from the cost-effectiveness analysis was to define the performance goals, Measurement and evaluation, and so on the basis. 其次，新公共管理又從私營管理方法中汲取營養。Secondly, the new public management from the private management methods to absorb nutrients. 新公共行政管理認為，私營部門許多管理方式和手段都可為公共部門所借用。The new public administration that many private sector management methods and means available to the public sector borrowing. 如私營部門的組織形式能靈活地適應環境，而不是韋伯所說的僵化的科層制；對產出和結果的高度重視（對私營部門來說，產出就意味著利潤，而在高度競爭的市場環境中，要獲取利潤就必須給顧客提供高質量的服務，同時盡可能地降低成本），而不是只管投入，不重產出；人事管理上實現靈活的合同僱傭制和績效工資制，而不是一經錄用，永久任職，等等。Such as the private sector, the organizational form of flexibility in adapting to the environment, and not Weber said the rigid hierarchy; outputs and outcomes of the high degree of importance (for the private sector, output means profits in a highly competitive market environment, we must make profits to provide customers with high-quality service, Meanwhile, as far as possible to rece costs), rather than just input and output weight; personnel management to achieve a flexible system of employment contracts and performance pay system, rather than by hiring a permanent office, and so on. 總之，新公共管理認為，那些已經和正在為私營部門所成功地運用著的管理方法，如績效管理、目標管理、組織發展、人力資源開發等並非為私營部門所獨有，它們完全可以運用到公有部門的管理中。In short, the new public management, and is already by the private sector to successfully used management methods, If performance management, goal management, organizational development, human resources development is not unique to the private sector. They can be used in public sector management.

二、新公共行政管理的基本特徵Second, the new public administration of the basic features

新公共管理是個非常鬆散的概念，它既指一種試圖取代傳統公共行政學的管理理論，又指一種新的公共行政模式，還指在當代西方公共行政領域持續進行的改革運動。New Public Management is a very loose concept, it refers to an attempt to replace the traditional public administration management theory, Also referred to a new model of public administration, also refers to the contemporary Western ongoing public administration reform movement. 其名稱在西方各國也不盡相同，如在英國叫「管理主義」，在美國則稱為「企業家的政府」或「新公共管理」，在其他一些國家又稱為「市場導向型公共行政」等等，但它們都具有大體相同的特徵。Its name in western countries is not necessarily the same as in the United Kingdom called "management", in the United States known as the "entrepreneurial government" or "new public management" In some other countries, also known as the "market-oriented public administration," and so on, but they have broadly similar features.

首先，新公共管理改變了傳統公共模式下的政府與社會之間的關系，重新對政府職能及其與社會的關系進行定位：即政府不再是高高在上、「自我服務」的官僚機構，政府公務人員應該是負責任的「企業經理和管理人員」，社會公眾則是提供政府稅收的「納稅人」和享受政府服務作為回報的「顧客」或「客戶」，政府服務應以顧客為導向，應增強對社會公眾需要的響應力。First, the new public management to change the traditional model of public government and the relationship between society, reopened to the functions of the government and with the community relations position : that the government is no longer superior, "self-service" bureaucracy, government officials should be responsible "corporate managers and managers" the public is to provide the government's tax revenue "taxpayers" and access to government services in return for the "clients" or "customers" government services should be customer-oriented and should enhance the public's need to respond to force. 近年來，英、德、荷蘭等國政府採取的簡化服務手續、制訂並公布服務標准、在某一級行政區域和某些部門或行業開辦「一站商店」服務等，就是在這種新的政府—社會關系模式下所施行的一些具體措施。In recent years, Britain, Germany, the Netherlands and other government services to simplify the proceres and to develop and publish service standards, in a regional and an administrative certain sectors or instries offer "one-stop shop" service. It is in this new government-community relations model as applied by some of the specific measures.

其次，與傳統公共行政只計投入，不計產出不同，新公共管理更加重視政府活動的產出和結果，即重視提供公共服務的效率和質量，由此而重視賦予「一線經理和管理人員」（即中低級文官）以職、權、責，如在計劃和預算上，重視組織的戰略目標和長期計劃，強調對預算的「總量」控制，給一線經理在資源配置、人員安排等方面的充分的自主權，以適應變化不定的外部環境和公眾不斷變化的需求。Secondly, with the traditional public administration, only the input, output or not, New Public Management pay more attention to the activities of the outputs and outcomes that provide public services to the efficiency and quality, thus entrusted to the "first-line managers and managers" (that is, low-level civil service) to the post of powers, responsibilities and If the plan and budget, the attention to the organization's strategic goals and long-term plans, the emphasis is on the Budget for its "total" control, to the frontline managers in the allocation of resources and personnel arrangements, and so on the full autonomy to adapt to the fluctuating external environment and the ever changing needs. [NextPage][NextPage]

第三，與上一點緊密相聯，新公共管理反對傳統公共行政重遵守既定法律法規，輕績效測定和評估的做法，主張放鬆嚴格的行政規制（即主要通過法規、制度控制），而實現嚴明的績效目標控制，即確定組織、個人的具體目標，並根據績效示標（performance indicator）對目標完成情況進行測量和評估，由此而產生了所謂的三E，即經濟（economy）、效率（efficency）和效果（effect）等三大變數。Third, and closely related, 1:00, the new public management oppose traditional public administration re-compliance with established laws and regulations, Light performance measurement and assessment practices, advocating the relaxation of the strict regulatory system (that is, through legislation, system control), achieve strict control of the performance goals, which was to determine organizations, indivials of specific goals, under the performance indicator (performance indicator) on the target for completion of the measurement and assessment, as a result, the so-called three E, in which the economy (economy), efficiency (efficency) and the effect (effect), and other three variables.

第四，與傳統公共行政排斥私營部門管理方式不同，新公共管理強調政府廣泛採用私營部門成功的管理方法和手段（如成本—效益分析、全面質量管理、目標管理等）和競爭機制，取消公共服務供給的壟斷性，如「政府業務合同出租」、「競爭性招標」等，新公共管理認為，政府的主要職能固然是向社會提供服務，但這並不意味著所有公共服務都應由政府直接提供。Fourth, public administration and the traditional exclusion of private sector management methods differ, New Public Management emphasizes the wide adoption of successful private sector management methods and means (such as cost-benefit analysis total quality management, management by objectives) and the mechanism of competition, the abolition of the supply of public services monopoly, If "government contracts for rent" and "competitive bidding", the new public management, The main function of government is to serve the community, But this does not mean that all public services should be provided directly by the government. 政府應根據服務內容和性質的不同，採取相應的供給方式。According to the government services and the different nature of the corresponding supply mode. 如圖所示：As shown :

市場狀況／憲法職責模式Market status / mode of constitutional ties

附圖Map

1、此項服務活動是由憲法明文規定的屬政府職責范圍之內，同時也沒有其他競爭者，如國防，應由政府承擔。1, the service activities by the Constitution provides that the government is within the scope of ties, while no other competitor, If defense, should be borne by the government.

2、雖屬憲法規定的政府職責，但同時有其他競爭者的存在，即其他非政府部門也在從事此項活動，如醫院，在這種情況下，政府並非一定要親自提供此項服務，而大可通過招標、合同出租等形式，將其出租給其他公營或私營部門，政府只要對其績效目標進行測定和評估，並提供相應的報酬，便不失為一種提高服務質量和效率的有效途徑。2, although the Constitution stipulates the functions of government, but there are other competitors exist, in other words, the non-governmental sector are engaged in this activity, such as hospitals, in this case, The government is not obliged to provide such a service in person, and goes through the tender, the contract leasing, and other forms, will be rented to other public or private sector, government, as long as its performance targets and measured assessment, and provide corresponding remuneration, it is nevertheless a good quality of service and efficient and effective way. 這也就是《重塑政府》一書的作者奧斯本和蓋布勒所說的政府應該「掌舵而不是劃槳」。This is the "reinventing government", the author of a Osborne and Gaebler said the government should "steer and not the paddling."

3、憲法沒有規定是政府的職責，而又存在著市場競爭者，如影視業，這時政府就完全可以不從事此項活動，而完全由私營部門承擔。3, the Constitution does not provide is the ty of the government, the market and the existence of competitors, such as film and video instry, Then the government can not engage in this activity, and completely by the private sector.

4、憲法既沒有規定是政府的職責，同時又沒有或缺乏從事此項活動的競爭者，如高等院校，這時政府就應積極培育市場，鼓勵人們參與此項活動，以提高此項服務的效率、質量和有效性。4, which is not provided for the constitution is the ty of the government, but also the absence or lack of this activity in the competitors As institutions of higher learning, then the government should actively develop the market and encourage people to participate in activities to enhance the service efficiency, quality and effectiveness.

需要說明的是，上述只是典型的四種公共服務類型，在現實中，It is important to point out, these are just typical four types of public services, in reality,

❻ 求一篇關於公共服務供給方面的英語作文，在線等

As traffic problems become more and more serious in many cities of developed and developing countries, their governments have to try hard and loads of money and energy have been spent to deal with them.

Firstly, it is not efficient for the commuters to use their private cars to and back from their workplaces. Occasionally we can see they have to sit on the wheels wasting time and fuel in a heavy traffic jam. At the same time, through burning the fossil fuels, green house gas CO2, CO1, acid rain gas SO2, fumes and sts are being released into the atmosphere, all of which heavily overload the environment. Thirdly, with the increase of private cars, the road traffic accidents are also rise dramatically. For example, in a city with 5000 cars, there will be at least 250 accidents happening everyday, which also burden the public healthy services.

On the contrary, expected public traffic may be an ideal solution to these problems. For example city buses and railways are widely used or being constructed by many cities. People can take buses easily, which can be found every 10 minutes or less in the peak time. Actually, Nottingham Transport Company is building its own light railway in the city, which is announced by the speak man of the company, 「It will be completed in the next year, the tickets will be very competitive and at the same time the travel will be very safe and comfortable.」

On the other hand, public traffic had its own disadvantages. Usually it cannot provide door-to-door service. It is inconvenient to go shopping by public vehicles. Sometimes you must wait a long time for the train. And quite a lot of people prefer to enjoy driving.

In conclusion, developing the public traffic is a useful approach to deal with these difficulties. One possible way, if not the best, is to taxi private cars heavily and use these revenues to provide citizens cheaper public traffic services.

❼ 求一篇關於公共服務管理的外文文獻

推薦你到OA圖書館進行查找，裡面都是Open access資源，就是可以免費下載的文獻。包括很多高質量外文文獻。

❽ 求「基本公共服務均等化」的相關外文文獻，1000字左右。發到郵箱[email protected],謝謝

實現雙居工程，居住地管理，居民化服務 ...

❾ 急求關於公共文化服務均等化服務的外文文獻

外文文獻有，翻譯沒有，翻譯得靠你自己了，希望能滿足你的需要，回能幫到你，如果需要直接答網路Hi中留言同時貼出問題的鏈接地址和郵箱地址即可，或者告知其他安全可靠方式提供，多多給點懸賞分吧，急用的話請多選賞點分吧，這樣更多的知友才會及時幫到你，我找到也是很花時間的
如果需要直接網路Hi中留言同時貼出問題的鏈接地址和郵箱地址即可，或者告知其他安全可靠方式提供

近期好像網路Hi無提示信息
留下郵箱地址如dgfgafd的126\q郵箱
一六*零****八二*二QQ郵箱

這樣可以么？